@article{uoadl:3001839,
    volume = "21",
    number = "11",
    pages = "1481-1489",
    journal = "Clinical and Vaccine Immunology (formerly CDLI)",
    issn = "1556-6811, 1556-679X",
    keywords = "immunoglobulin G;  immunoglobulin M;  neutralizing antibody;  complement;  immunoglobulin M;  inactivated vaccine;  influenza vaccine;  neutralizing antibody;  virus antibody, animal cell;  animal experiment;  animal model;  animal tissue;  antibody detection;  antibody response;  antibody titer;  antigen binding;  Article;  cellular immunity;  controlled study;  female;  immunoglobulin production;  infection resistance;  influenza;  mouse;  nonhuman;  plasma cell;  virus neutralization;  animal;  Bagg albino mouse;  blood;  disease model;  immunology;  Influenza A virus;  Orthomyxoviridae Infections;  serodiagnosis;  survival analysis, Animals;  Antibodies, Neutralizing;  Antibodies, Viral;  Complement System Proteins;  Disease Models, Animal;  Female;  Immunoglobulin M;  Influenza A virus;  Influenza Vaccines;  Mice, Inbred BALB C;  Neutralization Tests;  Orthomyxoviridae Infections;  Plasma Cells;  Survival Analysis;  Vaccines, Inactivated",
    BIBTEX_ENTRY = "article",
    year = "2014",
    author = "Skountzou, I. and Satyabhama, L. and Stavropoulou, A. and Ashraf, Z. and Esser, E.S. and Vassilieva, E. and Koutsonanos, D. and Compans, R. and Jacob, J.",
    abstract = "Detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies has long been used as an important diagnostic tool for identifying active viral infections, but their relevance in later stages has not been clearly defined in vivo. In this study, we followed the kinetics, longevity, and function of influenza virus-specific IgM antibodies for 2 years following sublethal infection of mice with live mouseadapted A/PR/8/34 virus or immunization with formalin-inactivated virus. These groups mounted robust protective immune responses and survived lethal challenges with 50 × 50% lethal dose (LD50) mouse-adapted A/PR/8/34 virus 600 days after the primary exposure. Surprisingly, the virus-specific IgM antibodies persisted along with IgG antibodies, and we found a significantly higher number of IgM-positive (IgM+) virus-specific plasma cells than IgG+plasma cells that persisted for at least 9 months postexposure. The IgM antibodies were functional as they neutralized influenza virus in the presence of complement just as well as IgG antibodies did. Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.",
    title = "Influenza virus-specific neutralizing IgM antibodies persist for a lifetime",
    doi = "10.1128/CVI.00374-14"
}