@article{uoadl:3003307,
    volume = "43",
    number = "7",
    pages = "224-229",
    journal = "Journal of Immunotherapy",
    issn = "1524-9557",
    keywords = "aciclovir;  ampicillin;  C reactive protein;  cobimetinib;  corticosteroid;  ethambutol;  ipilimumab;  isoniazid;  methylprednisolone;  nivolumab;  prednisolone;  pyrazinamide;  rifampicin;  vemurafenib;  antineoplastic agent;  biological marker, acute kidney failure;  adult;  allergic encephalitis;  cancer immunotherapy;  case report;  cerebrospinal fluid;  clinical article;  clinical feature;  drug efficacy;  drug safety;  drug tolerability;  drug withdrawal;  erythrocyte sedimentation rate;  fever;  human;  lumbar puncture;  male;  metastatic melanoma;  middle aged;  Mini Mental State Examination;  nuclear magnetic resonance imaging;  personal experience;  physical examination;  priority journal;  rash;  Review;  stupor;  administration and dosage;  adverse event;  cancer staging;  clinical decision making;  complication;  disease management;  disease predisposition;  encephalitis;  melanoma;  metastasis, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols;  Biomarkers;  Clinical Decision-Making;  Disease Management;  Disease Susceptibility;  Encephalitis;  Humans;  Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors;  Melanoma;  Neoplasm Metastasis;  Neoplasm Staging",
    BIBTEX_ENTRY = "article",
    year = "2020",
    author = "Gkoufa, A. and Gogas, H. and Diamantopoulos, P.T. and Ziogas, D.C. and Psichogiou, M.",
    abstract = "After the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of many solid tumors, a new class of adverse events was recognized through the augmented activation of T cells, known as immune-related toxicities (immune-related adverse events). Encephalitis as an immune-mediated phenomenon is extremely rare, but potentially fatal, and questions remain with regard to its optimal management. Herein, we describe a patient with metastatic melanoma who developed autoimmune encephalitis following treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab and present the data concerning clinical features, diagnostic procedure, and therapeutic management of neurological immune-related adverse events. Early recognition and management, and high doses of immunosuppressive agents are the proposed essential strategies for patients' recovery. As immune-related toxicities may represent a clinical biomarker for cancer response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, these adverse events should promptly be managed to ensure that patients will experience the benefits of cancer immunotherapy. © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.",
    title = "Encephalitis in a patient with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: Case presentation and review of the literature",
    doi = "10.1097/CJI.0000000000000326"
}