@article{uoadl:3494059,
    volume = "244",
    pages = "67 – 88",
    journal = "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY",
    issn = "0002-9149",
    keywords = "Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Global Health; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; aging; atrial fibrillation; chronic kidney failure; clinical outcome; coronary artery disease; diabetes mellitus; enterococcal bacteremia; heart failure; human; hypertension; infective endocarditis; meta analysis; mortality; mortality rate; nonhuman; quality control; Review; rheumatic heart disease; risk assessment; risk factor; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus; systematic review; tricuspid valve; bacterial endocarditis; endocarditis; epidemiology; global health; hospital mortality; incidence; microbiology; mortality; prevalence; Staphylococcus infection; Streptococcus infection",
    BIBTEX_ENTRY = "article",
    year = "2025",
    author = "Tzoumas, Andreas and Sagris, Marios and Xenos, Dimitrios and Ntoumaziou, Athina and Kyriakoulis, Ioannis and Kakargias, Fotis and Liaqat, Wasla and Nagraj, Sanjana and Patel, Riya and Korosoglou, Grigorios and Tousoulis, Dimitris and Tsioufis, Konstantinos and Kokkinidis, Damianos G. and Palaiodimos, Leonidas",
    abstract = "Infective endocarditis (IE) is an increasingly prevalent condition with relatively high mortality, whose epidemiology has become more complex with an aging population, an increased number of comorbidities, and an increasing incidence of health-care associated IE. Epidemiological data on the causative microorganisms of IE, prevalence of involvement of the different cardiac valves, and IE-associated mortality are clinically relevant. Eligible studies were identified through a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE database from 2010 to 2020, and a random effects model meta-analysis was conducted. 133 studies comprising 132,584 patients from six continents were included in this systematic review. The most common causative agents were Staphylococci species in 36% of cases, followed by Streptococci species (26%) and Enterococci species (10%). Out of studies that provided further speciation, the predominant species was Staphylococcus aureus with an incidence of 29%, followed by Viridans group Streptococcus (12%). The short-term mortality rate (defined as in-hospital or 30-day mortality) was 17%. The highest mortality was reported in studies from Latin America with a mean mortality rate of 33% and the lowest mortality was reported in studies from Oceania at 13%. The aortic valve was the most commonly affected valve (46%), followed closely by the mitral valve (43%). The prevalence of tricuspid valve IE was 7% and multivalvular IE occurred in 14% of cases. Our study highlights a shift in epidemiological profile of IE over the last decade with S. aureus identified as the most common causative microorganism of IE. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42024602342. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.",
    title = "Epidemiological Profile and Mortality of Infective Endocarditis Over the Past Decade: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 133 Studies",
    doi = "10.1016/J.AMJCARD.2025.02.023"
}