@article{2982567,
    title = "Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations",
    author = "Bosson, J.K. and Jurek, P. and Vandello, J.A. and Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. and Olech, M. and Besta, T. and Bender, M. and Hoorens, V. and Becker, M. and Timur Sevincer, A. and Best, D.L. and Safdar, S. and Włodarczyk, A. and Zawisza, M. and Żadkowska, M. and Abuhamdeh, S. and Badu Agyemang, C. and Akbaş, G. and Albayrak-Aydemir, N. and Ammirati, S. and Anderson, J. and Anjum, G. and Ariyanto, A. and Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, J. and Ashraf, M. and Bakaitytė, A. and Bertolli, C. and Bërxulli, D. and Bi, C. and Block, K. and Boehnke, M. and Bongiorno, R. and Bosak, J. and Casini, A. and Chen, Q. and Chi, P. and Cubela Adoric, V. and Daalmans, S. and Dandy, J. and Lemus, S.D. and Dhakal, S. and Dvorianchikov, N. and Egami, S. and Etchezahar, E. and Sofia Esteves, C. and Felix, N. and Froehlich, L. and Garcia-Sanchez, E. and Gavreliuc, A. and Gavreliuc, D. and Gomez, Á. and Guizzo, F. and Graf, S. and Greijdanus, H. and Grigoryan, A. and Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J. and Guerch, K. and Gustafsson Sendén, M. and Hale, M.-L. and Hämer, H. and Hirai, M. and Hoang Duc, L. and Hřebíčková, M. and Hutchings, P.B. and Høj Jensen, D. and Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. and Karabati, S. and Kelmendi, K. and Kengyel, G. and Khachatryan, N. and Ghazzawi, R. and Kinahan, M. and Kirby, T.A. and Kovács, M. and Kozlowski, D. and Krivoshchekov, V. and Kulich, C. and Kurosawa, T. and Thi Lac An, N. and Labarthe, J. and Latu, I. and Anne Lauri, M. and Mankowski, E. and Musbau Lawal, A. and Li, J. and Lindner, J. and Lindqvist, A. and Maitner, A.T. and Makarova, E. and Makashvili, A. and Malayeri, S. and Malik, S. and Mancini, T. and Manzi, C. and Mari, S. and Martiny, S.E. and Mayer, C.-H. and Mihić, V. and Milošević Đorđević, J. and Moreno-Bella, E. and Moscatelli, S. and Bryan Moynihan, A. and Muller, D. and Narhetali, E. and Neto, F. and Noels, K.A. and Nyúl, B. and O’Connor, E.C. and Ochoa, D.P. and Ohno, S. and Olanrewaju Adebayo, S. and Osborne, R. and Giuseppina Pacilli, M. and Palacio, J. and Patnaik, S. and Pavlopoulos, V. and Pérez de León, P. and Piterová, I. and Barreiros Porto, J. and Puzio, A. and Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J. and Rentería Pérez, E. and Renström, E. and Rousseaux, T. and Ryan, M.K. and Sainz, M. and Salvati, M. and Samekin, A. and Schindler, S. and Seydi, M. and Shepherd, D. and Sherbaji, S. and Schmader, T. and Simão, C. and Sobhie, R. and Souza, L.D. and Sarter, E. and Sulejmanović, D. and Sullivan, K.E. and Tatsumi, M. and Tavitian-Elmadjian, L. and Jain Thakur, S. and Thi Mong Chi, Q. and Torre, B. and Torres, A. and Torres, C.V. and Türkoğlu, B. and Ungaretti, J. and Valshtein, T. and Van Laar, C. and van der Noll, J. and Vasiutynskyi, V. and Vauclair, C.-M. and Venäläinen, S. and Vohra, N. and Walentynowicz, M. and Ward, C. and Yang, Y. and Yzerbyt, V. and Zanello, V. and Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A. and Žukauskienė, R.",
    journal = "Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "52",
    number = "3",
    pages = "231-258",
    publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",
    issn = "0022-0221, 1552-5422",
    doi = "10.1177/0022022121997997",
    keywords = "adult;  ambivalence;  article;  female;  gender equity;  human;  human development;  ideology;  major clinical study;  male;  sex role;  sexism;  theoretical study",
    abstract = "Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role. © The Author(s) 2021."
}