@article{2982765,
    title = "Sex Differences in Self-Construal and in Depressive Symptoms: Predictors of Cross-National Variation",
    author = "Smith, P.B. and Easterbrook, M.J. and al-Selim, H. and Lun, V.M.C. and Koc, Y. and Gul, P. and Papastylianou, D. and Grigoryan, L. and Torres, C. and Efremova, M. and Hassan, B. and Ahmad, A.H. and al-Bayati, A. and Anderson, J. and Cross, S.E. and Delfino, G.I. and Gamsakhurdia, V. and Gavreliuc, A. and Gavreliuc, D. and Gunsoy, C. and Hakobjanyan, A. and Lay, S. and Lopukhova, O. and Hu, P. and Sunar, D. and Texeira, M.L.M. and Tripodi, D. and Diaz Rivera, P.E. and van Osch, Y. and Yuki, M. and Abbas, A. and Ogusu, N. and Kwantes, C.T. and Diaz-Loving, R. and Perez Floriano, L. and Chaleeraktrakoon, T. and Chobthamkit, P.",
    journal = "Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "51",
    number = "7-8",
    pages = "616-635",
    publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",
    issn = "0022-0221, 1552-5422",
    doi = "10.1177/0022022120939655",
    abstract = "Sex differences in aspects of independent versus interdependent self-construal and depressive symptoms were surveyed among 5,320 students from 24 nations. Men were found to perceive themselves as more self-contained whereas women perceived themselves as more connected to others. No significant sex differences were found on two further dimensions of self-construal, or on a measure of depressive symptoms. Multilevel modeling was used to test the ability of a series of predictors derived from a social identity perspective and from evolutionary theory to moderate sex differences. Contrary to most prior studies of personality, sex differences in self-construal were larger in samples from nations scoring lower on the Gender Gap Index, and the Human Development Index. Sex differences were also greater in nations with higher pathogen prevalence, higher self-reported religiosity, and in nations with high reported avoidance of settings with strong norms. The findings are discussed in terms of the interrelatedness of self-construals and the cultural contexts in which they are elicited and the distinctiveness of student samples. © The Author(s) 2020."
}