@article{2984761,
    title = "Development and Maintenance of Sprint Training Adaptations: An Uphill-Downhill Study",
    author = "Bissas, A. and Paradisis, G.P. and Nicholson, G. and Walker, J. and Hanley, B. and Havenetidis, K. and Cooke, C.B.",
    journal = "Journal of strength and conditioning research",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "36",
    number = "1",
    pages = "90-98",
    publisher = "NSCA National Strength and Conditioning Association",
    issn = "1064-8011",
    doi = "10.1519/JSC.0000000000003409",
    keywords = "adult;  article;  clinical article;  controlled study;  human;  human experiment;  kinematics;  knee;  male;  quadriceps femoris muscle;  randomized controlled trial;  running;  training;  velocity;  adaptation;  athlete;  biomechanics;  knee, Adaptation, Physiological;  Athletes;  Biomechanical Phenomena;  Humans;  Knee;  Male;  Running",
    abstract = "We examined the development of performance adaptations resulting from an uphill-downhill training program and monitored the decline of adaptations during detraining. Twenty-eight men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 sprint training groups who trained 3 times per week for 6 weeks and a control group (C). The uphill-downhill group (U+D) trained on an 80-m platform with 3° slopes, whereas the horizontal (H) group trained on flat track. Subjects were tested for maximal running speed (MRS), associated kinematics, and leg strength before and after training, with U+D subjects also tested after weeks 2 and 4 of training, and after a 3-week detraining period. The U+D group increased their MRS by 3.7% (from 8.75 ± 0.72 to 9.07 ± 0.64 m·s-1, p< 0.05), their stride rate by 3.1% (from 4.21 ± 0.21 to 4.34 ± 0.18 Hz, p< 0.05), and their knee extensors’ maximum isometric force by 21% (from 2,242 ± 489 to 2,712 ± 498 N, p< 0.05) after training. The time course of changes showed declines for weeks 1–4 (1.4–5.1%), but an ascending trend of improvement compensated all losses by the end of week 6 (p< 0.05). During detraining, no decreases occurred. No changes were observed for the H and C groups. The minimum period to produce positive effects was 6 weeks, with a very good standard of performance maintained 3 weeks after training. U+D training will prove useful for all athletes requiring fast adaptations, and it can fit into training mesocycles because of its low time demands. © 2020 National Strength and Conditioning Association"
}