@article{2985164,
    title = "Dosimetric evaluation of the Leksell GammaPlan™ Convolution dose calculation algorithm",
    author = "Logothetis, A. and Pantelis, E. and Zoros, E. and Pappas, E.P. and Dimitriadis, A. and Paddick, I. and Garding, J. and Johansson, J. and Kollias, G. and Karaiskos, P.",
    journal = "Physics in Medicine and Biology",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "65",
    number = "4",
    publisher = "INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING",
    issn = "0031-9155, 1361-6560",
    doi = "10.1088/1361-6560/ab64b7",
    keywords = "Dosimetry;  Monte Carlo methods;  Phase space methods, Calculation algorithms;  Clinical practices;  Convolution algorithm;  Dose calculation;  Gamma knife;  Heterogeneous modeling;  Inhomogeneous phantom;  Phase-space files, Convolution",
    abstract = "The dosimetric accuracy of the Leksell GammaPlan Convolution calculation algorithm was evaluated through comparison with corresponding Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetric results. MC simulations were based on generated sector phase space files for the 4 mm, 8 mm and 16 mm collimator sizes, using a previous comprehensive Gamma Knife Perfexion™ source model and validated using film dosimetry. Test cases were designed for the evaluation of the Convolution algorithm involving irradiation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous phantom geometries mimicking clinical cases, with radiation fields created using one sector (single sector), all sectors with the same (single shot) or different (composite shot) collimator sizes. Dose calculations using the Convolution algorithm were found to be in excellent agreement (gamma pass rate greater than 98%, applying 1%/1 mm local dose difference and distance agreement criteria), with corresponding MC calculations, indicating the accuracy of the Convolution algorithm in homogeneous and heterogeneous model geometries. While of minor clinical importance, large deviations were observed for the voxels laying inside air media. The calculated beam on times using the Convolution algorithm were found to increase (up to 7%) relative to the TMR 10 algorithm currently used in clinical practice, especially in a test case mimicking a brain metastasis close to the skull, in excellent agreement with corresponding MC calculations. © 2020 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine."
}