@article{2987281,
    title = "Risk evaluation of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in children using simple scores: The Healthy Growth Study",
    author = "Moschonis, G. and Androutsos, O. and Hulshof, T. and Sarapis, K. and Dracopoulou, M. and Chrousos, G.P. and Manios, Y.",
    journal = "Nutrition Research",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "88",
    pages = "19-27",
    publisher = "ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA",
    issn = "0271-5317",
    doi = "10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.021",
    keywords = "age;  Article;  body weight;  child;  cohort analysis;  controlled study;  cross-sectional study;  disease assessment;  educational status;  epidemiological data;  female;  gender;  Greece;  human;  major clinical study;  male;  maternal attitude;  program development;  receiver operating characteristic;  residential area;  risk assessment;  school child;  screen time;  seasonal variation;  sensitivity and specificity;  study design;  validation process;  vitamin D deficiency;  adolescent;  blood;  bone development;  physiology;  risk factor;  season;  socioeconomics;  vitamin D deficiency, 25-hydroxyvitamin D;  vitamin D, Adolescent;  Bone Development;  Child;  Female;  Greece;  Humans;  Male;  Risk Factors;  ROC Curve;  Screen Time;  Seasons;  Socioeconomic Factors;  Vitamin D;  Vitamin D Deficiency",
    abstract = "Although identification of population groups at high risk for low vitamin D status is of public health importance,there are no risk prediction tools available for children in Southern Europe that can cover this need. The present study aimed to develop and validate 2 simple scores that evaluate the risk for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in children. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 2280 schoolchildren (9–13-year-old) living in Greece. The total sample was randomly divided into 2 subsamples of 1524 and 756 children, used in the development and validation of the 2 scores, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to develop the 2 risk evaluation scores, while receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to identify the optimal “points of change” for each risk score, upon which vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is diagnosed with the highest possible sensitivity and specificity. The components of the 2 risk evaluation scores included children's age, gender, region of residence, screen-time, body weight status, maternal education, and season. The increase in each score by 1 unit elevated the likelihood for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency by 31% and 28%, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the optimal “points of change” for each risk score, upon which vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is diagnosed with the highest possible sensitivity and specificity were 8.5 and 12.5, respectively. In conclusion, this study developed 2 simple scores that evaluate the risk for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in children living in Greece. However, more studies are required for these scores to be validated in other populations of children from different countries. © 2020"
}