@article{2987550,
    title = "The effects of different quantities and qualities of protein intake in people with diabetes mellitus",
    author = "Pfeiffer, A.F.H. and Pedersen, E. and Schwab, U. and Risérus, U. and Aas, A.-M. and Uusitupa, M. and Thanopoulou, A. and Kendall, C. and Sievenpiper, J.L. and Kahleová, H. and Rahélic, D. and Salas-Salvadó, J. and Gebauer, S. and Hermansen, K.",
    journal = "Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "12",
    number = "2",
    publisher = "MDPI AG",
    issn = "1385-1314",
    doi = "10.3390/nu12020365",
    keywords = "animal protein;  hemoglobin A1c;  plant protein;  glycosylated hemoglobin;  hemoglobin A1c protein, human, anthropometry;  Article;  blood pressure;  body weight;  body weight loss;  caloric intake;  cholesterol blood level;  diabetes mellitus;  glomerulus filtration rate;  glucose blood level;  human;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  insulin sensitivity;  kidney function;  lipid blood level;  low calorie diet;  meta analysis (topic);  metabolic regulation;  metabolism;  mortality;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  nonhuman;  protein diet;  protein intake;  protein restriction;  quality of life;  waist circumference;  administration and dosage;  adult;  blood;  drug effect;  female;  male;  meta analysis;  middle aged;  procedures;  protein intake, Adult;  Blood Pressure;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Diet, High-Protein;  Diet, Protein-Restricted;  Dietary Proteins;  Energy Intake;  Female;  Glomerular Filtration Rate;  Glycated Hemoglobin A;  Humans;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Weight Loss",
    abstract = "The recommended amount and quality of protein in diets of diabetic patients are highly controversial. In order to provide evidence-based information, the Diabetes Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) used a grading procedure used for quality of evidence and strength of recommendations (GRADE). A protein intake of 10% to 20% of energy intake (E%) or about 0.8 to 1.3 g/kg body weight in people below 65 years of age, and 15% to 20% of E% in people above 65 years of age appeared safe in weight-stable conditions. There were no intervention studies addressing metabolic effects, mortality, or cardiovascular events over prolonged periods. Body weight is closely linked to metabolic control and high protein diets are often recommended. Weight-loss diets that include 23% to 32% of E% as protein for up to one year reduced blood pressure and body weight slightly but significantly more than lower protein diets, whereas blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c improved similarly with higher or lower protein intakes in participants with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 . Patients with a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 did not show a faster decline of GFR or kidney function with protein intakes around 0.8 g/kg body weight as compared with lower intakes, thereby arguing against a restriction. The effects of protein intake on diabetic eye or nerve disease have not been reported. There are a number of studies that have compared different types of animal proteins (milk, chicken, beef, pork, and fish) or compared animal with plant protein in diabetic patients and have reported a greater reduction of serum cholesterol with plant protein. In summary, the suggested range of protein intake appears to be safe and can be adapted according to personal dietary preferences. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}