@article{2987640,
    title = "The impact of obesity on the association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease",
    author = "Paschou, S.A. and Kosmopoulos, M. and Nikas, I.P. and Spartalis, M. and Kassi, E. and Goulis, D.G. and Lambrinoudaki, I. and Siasos, G.",
    journal = "Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "11",
    number = "10",
    publisher = "MDPI AG",
    issn = "1385-1314",
    doi = "10.3390/nu11102458",
    keywords = "reactive oxygen metabolite;  vitamin D, Article;  atherosclerosis;  bioavailability;  blood pressure regulation;  body mass;  cardiovascular disease;  cardiovascular mortality;  cardiovascular risk;  diabetes mellitus;  disease severity;  follow up;  human;  hypercholesterolemia;  hypertension;  incidence;  ischemic heart disease;  obesity;  oxidative stress;  pathophysiology;  prevalence;  prospective study;  randomized controlled trial (topic);  risk factor;  vasculitis;  vitamin D deficiency;  vitamin supplementation;  cardiovascular disease;  complication;  vitamin D deficiency, Cardiovascular Diseases;  Humans;  Obesity;  Vitamin D Deficiency",
    abstract = "The aim of this article is to review the literature regarding the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its modification in the presence of obesity. Despite the strong association between vitamin D status and cardiovascular outcomes, vitamin D supplementation trials in the general population have failed to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. A comprehensive study of the published literature and a comparison with experimental data lead to the conclusion that obesity, due to its high prevalence and strong association with both vitamin D deficiency and CVD, may act as a critical confounder, which is responsible for the different results on this association. Adoption of a vitamin D preventive supplementation strategy for CVD is unlikely to yield any benefit to the general population. However, it might be particularly useful in obese adults with increased risk for CVD. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}