@article{2987644,
    title = "Cord Leptin is Associated with Neuropsychomotor Development in Childhood",
    author = "Karakosta, P. and Margetaki, K. and Fthenou, E. and Kampouri, M. and Kyriklaki, A. and Koutra, K. and Chalkiadaki, G. and Roumeliotaki, T. and Vafeiadi, M. and Kogevinas, M. and Mantzoros, C. and Chatzi, L.",
    journal = "BMC Obesity",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "27",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1693-1702",
    publisher = "Blackwell Publishing Inc.",
    issn = "2052-9538",
    doi = "10.1002/oby.22571",
    keywords = "leptin;  leptin, Article;  Bayley Scales of Infant Development;  brain cortex;  child;  childhood;  cohort analysis;  correlational study;  executive function;  female;  follow up;  gestational age;  human;  infant;  male;  McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities;  motor function test;  neuropsychological test;  perception;  prospective study;  psychomotor development;  Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test;  trail making test;  umbilical cord blood;  working memory;  blood;  central nervous system;  chemistry;  child development;  fetus blood;  Greece;  growth, development and aging;  intelligence test;  newborn;  physiology;  preschool child;  psychomotor disorder;  short term memory, Central Nervous System;  Child;  Child Development;  Child, Preschool;  Cohort Studies;  Female;  Fetal Blood;  Greece;  Humans;  Infant;  Infant, Newborn;  Intelligence Tests;  Leptin;  Male;  Memory, Short-Term;  Prospective Studies;  Psychomotor Disorders",
    abstract = "Objective: Leptin is critical for central nervous system development and maturation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential regulatory role of cord leptin in the neuropsychomotor development of children ages 18 months to 6 years. Methods: This study included 424 children from a prospective mother-child cohort (Rhea Study; Crete, Greece) with available cord leptin levels and data on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition), 4 years (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities), and 6 years (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and Trail Making Test). Multivariable linear regression models were used to explore the associations. Results: Each 10-ng/mL increase in the cord leptin level was associated with increased scores on the gross motor scale at 18 months (β coefficient: 3.8; 95% CI: 0.0-7.5), with decreased scores in the general cognitive performance (β coefficient: −3.0; 95% CI: −5.5 to −0.4), perceptual performance (β coefficient: −3.4; 95% CI: −6.0 to −9.9), working memory (β coefficient: −3.1; 95% CI: −5.7 to −0.4), executive function (β coefficient −3.1; 95% CI: −5.7 to −0.5), and functions of the posterior cortex (β coefficient: −2.7; 95% CI: −5.2 to −0.1) scales at 4 years, and with a 3.7-unit decrease in the Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices score at 6 years (β coefficient: −3.7; 95% CI: −6.9 to −0.5). Conclusions: Increased cord leptin levels are associated with enhanced gross motor development at 18 months but decreased cognitive performance in early and middle childhood. © 2019 The Obesity Society"
}