@article{2987954,
    title = "Vascular inflammation and metabolic activity in hematopoietic organs and liver in familial combined hyperlipidemia and heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia",
    author = "Toutouzas, K. and Skoumas, J. and Koutagiar, I. and Benetos, G. and Pianou, N. and Georgakopoulos, A. and Galanakos, S. and Antonopoulos, A. and Drakopoulou, M. and Oikonomou, E.K. and Kafouris, P. and Athanasiadis, E. and Metaxas, M. and Spyrou, G. and Pallantza, Z. and Galiatsatos, N. and Aggeli, C. and Antoniades, C. and Keramida, G. and Peters, A.M. and Anagnostopoulos, C.D. and Tousoulis, D.",
    journal = "Journal of Clinical Lipidology",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "12",
    number = "1",
    pages = "33-43",
    publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
    issn = "1933-2874",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.019",
    keywords = "C reactive protein;  fibrinogen;  fluorodeoxyglucose f 18;  low density lipoprotein;  triacylglycerol;  biological marker;  C reactive protein;  hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor;  low density lipoprotein, adult;  aortic wall;  arterial inflammation;  artery disease;  Article;  bone marrow;  clinical article;  controlled study;  familial hypercholesterolemia;  familial hyperlipemia;  female;  hematopoietic system;  heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia;  homeostasis model assessment;  human;  lipid blood level;  liver;  male;  measurement;  metabolism;  positron emission tomography-computed tomography;  priority journal;  prospective study;  spleen;  vasculitis;  blood;  case control study;  diagnostic imaging;  familial hypercholesterolemia;  familial hyperlipemia;  heterozygote;  inflammation;  liver;  middle aged;  pathology, Adult;  Biomarkers;  Bone Marrow;  C-Reactive Protein;  Case-Control Studies;  Female;  Heterozygote;  Humans;  Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors;  Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined;  Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II;  Inflammation;  Lipoproteins, LDL;  Liver;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography;  Spleen",
    abstract = "Background: Familial dyslipidemias of either heterozygous (heFH) or combined (FCH) type lead to accelerated atherogenesis and increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate in statin-naïve adult patients with familial dyslipidemias whether inflammatory activation and liver, spleen and bone marrow metabolic activity differ compared with normolipidemic subjects and between dyslipidemic groups. Methods: Fourteen patients with FCH, 14 with heFH, and 14 normolipidemic individuals were enrolled. Serum lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels were measured, followed by 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography imaging. Radiotracer uptake in the aortic wall, spleen, bone marrow, and liver was quantified as tissue-to-background ratio (TBR). Results: Patients with heFH had significantly higher low-density lipoprotein levels compared with those with FCH and controls (P < .001). However, aortic TBRs were higher in FCH compared with heFH patients and controls (P = .02 and P < .001, respectively). FCH patients exhibited higher FDG uptake in the spleen compared with controls (P = .05). In addition, FCH exhibited higher bone marrow FDG uptake compared with heFH patients and controls (P = .03 and P = .02, respectively). FCH had higher liver uptake compared with heFH patients and controls (P < .001 for both). Significant correlations were observed between inflammatory biomarkers and imaging indices as well as between aortic TBR and FDG uptake of hematopoietic organs and liver. Conclusions: Systemic, as well as vascular inflammation and spleen, bone marrow, and hepatic metabolic activity are increased in patients with FCH despite lower levels of low-density lipoprotein. © 2017 National Lipid Association"
}