@article{2988742,
    title = "Calcium and vitamin D supplementation through fortified dairy products counterbalances seasonal variations of bone metabolism indices: The Postmenopausal Health Study",
    author = "Tenta, R. and Moschonis, G. and Koutsilieris, M. and Manios, Y.",
    journal = "European Journal of Nutrition",
    year = "2011",
    volume = "50",
    number = "5",
    pages = "341-349",
    issn = "1436-6207, 1436-6215",
    doi = "10.1007/s00394-010-0142-7",
    keywords = "25 hydroxyvitamin D;  amino terminal telopeptide;  calcium;  osteocalcin;  osteoclast differentiation factor;  vitamin D, adult;  article;  body mass;  bone density;  bone mass;  bone metabolism;  controlled study;  diet supplementation;  dual energy X ray absorptiometry;  female;  human;  nutritional assessment;  nutritional counseling;  physical activity;  postmenopause;  protein intake;  randomized controlled trial;  seasonal variation;  summer;  vitamin supplementation;  winter, Aged;  Bone and Bones;  Bone Density;  Calcium, Dietary;  Dairy Products;  Diet;  Dietary Supplements;  Energy Intake;  Female;  Follow-Up Studies;  Food, Fortified;  Greece;  Holistic Health;  Humans;  Life Style;  Middle Aged;  Motor Activity;  Nutrition Assessment;  Postmenopause;  RANK Ligand;  Seasons;  Vitamin D;  Vitamins",
    abstract = "Purpose To assess the effectiveness of a dietary intervention combined with fortified dairy products on bone metabolism and bone mass indices in postmenopausal women. Methods Forty postmenopausal women (55-65 years old) were equally randomized into a dietary group (DG), receiving daily and for 30 months, 1,200 mg of calcium and 7.5 μg of vitamin D 3 for the first 12 months that increased to 22.5 μg for the remaining 18 months of intervention through fortified dairy products; and a control group (CG). Differences in the changes of bone metabolism and bone mass indices were examined with repeated measures ANOVA. Results A significant increase was observed for PTH levels only in the CG during the first six winter months of intervention (p = 0.049). After 30 months of intervention, during winter, serum 25(OH)D significantly decreased in the CG while remained in the same high levels as in the summer period in the DG. Serum RANKL levels decreased significantly in the DG compared with the increase in the CG during the 30-month intervention period (p = 0.005). Serum CTx decreased significantly in the DG after six (-0.08; -0.12 to -0.03) and 12 (-0.03; -0.08 to -0.02) months of intervention. Finally, the DG had more favorable changes in total body BMD than the CG (p<0.001). Conclusions Increasing dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D in osteopenic postmenopausal women appears to be effective in producing favorable changes in several bone metabolism and bone mass indices and in counterbalancing seasonal variations in hormonal and biochemical molecules. © Springer-Verlag 2010."
}