@article{2990499,
    title = "Patterns of non-syndromic permanent tooth agenesis in a large orthodontic population",
    author = "Gkantidis, N. and Katib, H. and Oeschger, E. and Karamolegkou, M. and Topouzelis, N. and Kanavakis, G.",
    journal = "ARCHIVES OF ORAL BIOLOGY",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "79",
    pages = "42-47",
    publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
    issn = "0003-9969",
    doi = "10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.020",
    keywords = "abnormalities;  adolescent;  adult;  anodontia;  child;  diagnostic imaging;  female;  human;  incisor;  male;  mandible;  maxilla;  orthodontics;  panoramic radiography;  periodontal disease;  premolar tooth;  prevalence;  Switzerland;  third molar;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Anodontia;  Bicuspid;  Child;  Female;  Humans;  Incisor;  Male;  Mandible;  Maxilla;  Molar, Third;  Orthodontics;  Prevalence;  Radiography, Panoramic;  Switzerland;  Tooth Loss;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Objective The aim of this study is to explore patterns of non-syndromic permanent tooth agenesis in a large orthodontic patient group. Design A record review was performed in various orthodontic clinics to identify white patients with non-syndromic permanent tooth agenesis, excluding 3rd molars. Four hundred and fourteen subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results In the 414 subjects with tooth agenesis, approximately 70% presented 1–2 missing teeth. Symmetric agenesis patterns were often observed in the sample (by jaw, by side, or crossed quadrants), with prevalence approaching 30% for cases with contralateral tooth agenesis within a jaw. In cases with 1 or 2 missing teeth, from the total number of potential tooth agenesis patterns in the sample, a certain part was evident, limiting the variation to 27.8% (44/158). In the entire sample, both in the maxilla and the mandible a certain incisor/premolar agenesis phenotype was observed in 59.0% of cases in isolated form. Conclusions Although there was variation in the tooth agenesis patterns, our findings suggest the involvement of particular genetic, epigenetic, and/or environmental factors in the formation of the entire dentition, which often lead to specific tooth agenesis phenotypes in cases where this process is disrupted. The present study provides a comprehensive categorization of orthodontic cases with tooth agenesis and can assist in planning future epidemiological and genetic studies. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd"
}