@article{2997343,
    title = "Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)",
    author = "De Ridder, D. and Schlee, W. and Vanneste, S. and Londero, A. and Weisz, N. and Kleinjung, T. and Shekhawat, G.S. and Elgoyhen, A.B. and Song, J.-J. and Andersson, G. and Adhia, D. and de Azevedo, A.A. and Baguley, D.M. and Biesinger, E. and Binetti, A.C. and Del Bo, L. and Cederroth, C.R. and Cima, R. and Eggermont, J.J. and Figueiredo, R. and Fuller, T.E. and Gallus, S. and Gilles, A. and Hall, D.A. and Van de Heyning, P. and Hoare, D.J. and Khedr, E.M. and Kikidis, D. and Kleinstaeuber, M. and Kreuzer, P.M. and Lai, J.-T. and Lainez, J.M. and Landgrebe, M. and Li, L.P.-H. and Lim, H.H. and Liu, T.-C. and Lopez-Escamez, J.A. and Mazurek, B. and Moller, A.R. and Neff, P. and Pantev, C. and Park, S.N. and Piccirillo, J.F. and Poeppl, T.B. and Rauschecker, J.P. and Salvi, R. and Sanchez, T.G. and Schecklmann, M. and Schiller, A. and Searchfield, G.D. and Tyler, R. and Vielsmeier, V. and Vlaeyen, J.W.S. and Zhang, J. and Zheng, Y. and de Nora, M. and Langguth, B.",
    journal = "Progress in Brain Research",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "260",
    pages = "1-25",
    publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
    issn = "0079-6123",
    doi = "10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.12.002",
    keywords = "acute disease;  arousal;  behavior change;  chronic disease;  cognitive defect;  consensus;  disease classification;  emotional stress;  human;  measurement;  nonhuman;  theory;  tinnitus;  complication;  consciousness;  tinnitus, Arousal;  Consciousness;  Humans;  Tinnitus",
    abstract = "As for hypertension, chronic pain, epilepsy and other disorders with particular symptoms, a commonly accepted and unambiguous definition provides a common ground for researchers and clinicians to study and treat the problem. The WHO's ICD11 definition only mentions tinnitus as a nonspecific symptom of a hearing disorder, but not as a clinical entity in its own right, and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-V doesn't mention tinnitus at all. Here we propose that the tinnitus without and with associated suffering should be differentiated by distinct terms: “Tinnitus” for the former and “Tinnitus Disorder” for the latter. The proposed definition then becomes “Tinnitus is the conscious awareness of a tonal or composite noise for which there is no identifiable corresponding external acoustic source, which becomes Tinnitus Disorder “when associated with emotional distress, cognitive dysfunction, and/or autonomic arousal, leading to behavioural changes and functional disability.”. In other words “Tinnitus” describes the auditory or sensory component, whereas “Tinnitus Disorder” reflects the auditory component and the associated suffering. Whereas acute tinnitus may be a symptom secondary to a trauma or disease, chronic tinnitus may be considered a primary disorder in its own right. If adopted, this will advance the recognition of tinnitus disorder as a primary health condition in its own right. The capacity to measure the incidence, prevalence, and impact will help in identification of human, financial, and educational needs required to address acute tinnitus as a symptom but chronic tinnitus as a disorder. © 2021 Elsevier B.V."
}