@article{2997483,
    title = "Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance",
    author = "Stern, Y. and Arenaza-Urquijo, E.M. and Bartrés-Faz, D. and Belleville, S. and Cantilon, M. and Chetelat, G. and Ewers, M. and Franzmeier, N. and Kempermann, G. and Kremen, W.S. and Okonkwo, O. and Scarmeas, N. and Soldan, A. and Udeh-Momoh, C. and Valenzuela, M. and Vemuri, P. and Vuoksimaa, E. and Urquiljo, E.M.A. and Cantillon, M. and Clouston, A.A.P. and Estanga, A. and Gold, B. and Habeck, C. and Jones, R. and Kochhann, R. and Lim, Y.Y. and Martínez-Lage, P. and Morbelli, S. and Okonkwo, O. and Ossenkoppele, R. and Pettigrew, C. and Rosen, A.C. and Song, X. and Van Loenhoud, A.C. and and the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup",
    journal = "American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "16",
    number = "9",
    pages = "1305-1311",
    publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc",
    issn = "1533-3175",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219",
    keywords = "Alzheimer disease;  brain function;  cognitive reserve;  consensus;  functional neuroimaging;  human;  incidence;  practice guideline;  priority journal;  Review;  risk factor;  aging;  brain;  methodology;  physiology, Aging;  Alzheimer Disease;  Brain;  Cognitive Reserve;  Guidelines as Topic;  Humans;  Research Design",
    abstract = "Several concepts, which in the aggregate get might be used to account for “resilience” against age- and disease-related changes, have been the subject of much research. These include brain reserve, cognitive reserve, and brain maintenance. However, different investigators have use these terms in different ways, and there has never been an attempt to arrive at consensus on the definition of these concepts. Furthermore, there has been confusion regarding the measurement of these constructs and the appropriate ways to apply them to research. Therefore the reserve, resilience, and protective factors professional interest area, established under the auspices of the Alzheimer's Association, established a whitepaper workgroup to develop consensus definitions for cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. The workgroup also evaluated measures that have been used to implement these concepts in research settings and developed guidelines for research that explores or utilizes these concepts. The workgroup hopes that this whitepaper will form a reference point for researchers in this area and facilitate research by supplying a common language. © 2019 the Alzheimer's Association"
}