@article{2997914,
    title = "How to approach a patient with parkinsonism – red flags for atypical parkinsonism",
    author = "Mulroy, E. and Stamelou, M. and Bhatia, K.P.",
    journal = "International Review of Neurobiology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "149",
    pages = "1-34",
    publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
    doi = "10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.001",
    keywords = "levodopa, abnormal posture;  apraxia;  Article;  bradykinesia;  brain calcification;  cataract;  chorea;  circadian rhythm;  clinical feature;  cognitive defect;  cornea disease;  corticobasal degeneration;  differential diagnosis;  disease severity;  dystonia;  eye examination;  eye movement;  eyelid disease;  eyelid opening apraxia;  hereditary motor sensory neuropathy;  human;  Kayser Fleischer ring;  larynx disorder;  leukoencephalopathy;  liver disease;  manganism;  muscle rigidity;  myoclonus;  neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation;  neuroimaging;  normotensive hydrocephalus;  paraneoplastic syndrome;  parasomnia;  parkinsonism;  prion disease;  priority journal;  progressive supranuclear palsy;  ptosis (eyelid);  pyramidal sign;  risk factor;  Shy Drager syndrome;  speech disorder;  treatment response;  tremor;  unsteady gait;  urinary tract disease;  parkinsonism;  pathophysiology, Humans;  Parkinsonian Disorders",
    abstract = "Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome defined by bradykinesia plus rigidity or tremor. Though most commonly encountered in the setting of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, a number of neurodegenerative, structural, metabolic and toxic neurological disorders can result in parkinsonism. Accurately diagnosing the underlying cause of parkinsonism is of both therapeutic and prognostic relevance, especially as we enter the era of disease-modifying treatment trials for neurodegenerative disorders. Being aware of the wide array of potential causes of parkinsonism is of paramount importance for clinicians. In this chapter, we present a pragmatic clinical approach to patients with parkinsonism, specifically focusing on ‘red flags’, which should alert one to consider diagnoses other than idiopathic Parkinson's disease. © 2019 Elsevier Inc."
}