@article{2999627,
    title = "Antibody Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Liver Diseases",
    author = "Bakasis, A.-D. and Bitzogli, K. and Mouziouras, D. and Pouliakis, A. and Roumpoutsou, M. and Goules, A.V. and Androutsakos, T.",
    journal = "Virus Bulletin",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "14",
    number = "2",
    publisher = "MDPI",
    issn = "0956-9979",
    doi = "10.3390/v14020207",
    keywords = "angiotensin converting enzyme 2;  azathioprine;  comirnaty;  coronavirus spike glycoprotein;  elasomeran;  glucocorticoid;  immunoglobulin G antibody;  messenger RNA;  methotrexate;  mrna 1273;  mycophenolate mofetil;  rituximab;  SARS-CoV-2 antibody;  tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, alcoholic fatty liver;  antibody response;  Article;  autoimmune hepatitis;  cardiovascular disease;  Child Pugh score;  chronic hepatitis B;  chronic liver disease;  controlled study;  coronavirus disease 2019;  diabetes mellitus;  drug safety;  elastography;  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;  female;  follow up;  hepatic sarcoidosis;  human;  human tissue;  humoral immunity;  immunosuppressive treatment;  interview;  kinetics;  liver biopsy;  liver cirrhosis;  liver disease;  lung disease;  male;  Model For End Stage Liver Disease Score;  nonalcoholic fatty liver;  primary biliary cirrhosis;  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2;  structured questionnaire;  vaccination;  virus neutralization",
    abstract = "The novel mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 display encouraging safety and efficacy profiles. However, there is a paucity of data regarding their immunogenicity and safety in patients with liver diseases (PWLD), especially in those with cirrhosis. We prospectively as-sessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-spike IgG antibodies and neutralizing activity in fully vaccinated PWLD (n = 87) and controls (n = 40). Seroconversion rates were 97.4% (37/38) in cirrhotic PWLD, 87.8% (43/49) in non-cirrhotic PWLD and 100% (40/40) in controls. Adequate neutralizing activity was detected in 92.1% (35/38), 87.8% (43/49) and 100% (40/40) of cirrhotics, non-cirrhotics and controls, respectively. On multivariable analysis, immunosuppressive treatment was negatively correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (coefficient (SE): −2.716 (0.634), p < 0.001) and neutralizing activity (coefficient (SE): −24.379 (4.582), p < 0.001), while age was negatively correlated only with neutralizing activity (coefficient (SE): −0.31(0.14), p = 0.028). A total of 52 responder PWLD were reassessed approximately 3 months post-vaccination and no differences were detected in humoral responses between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic PWLD. No significant side effects were noted post vaccination, while no symptomatic breakthrough infections were reported during a 6-month follow up. Overall, our study shows that m-RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe and efficacious in PWLD. However, PWLD under immunosuppressive treatment and those of advanced age should probably be more closely monitored after vaccination. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}