@article{2999813,
    title = "Differentiation of COVID-19 signs and symptoms from allergic rhinitis and common cold: An ARIA-EAACI-GA2LEN consensus",
    author = "Hagemann, J. and Onorato, G.L. and Jutel, M. and Akdis, C.A. and Agache, I. and Zuberbier, T. and Czarlewski, W. and Mullol, J. and Bedbrook, A. and Bachert, C. and Bennoor, K.S. and Bergmann, K.-C. and Braido, F. and Camargos, P. and Caraballo, L. and Cardona, V. and Casale, T. and Cecchi, L. and Chivato, T. and Chu, D.K. and Cingi, C. and Correia-de-Sousa, J. and del Giacco, S. and Dokic, D. and Dykewicz, M. and Ebisawa, M. and El-Gamal, Y. and Emuzyte, R. and Fauquert, J.-L. and Fiocchi, A. and Fokkens, W.J. and Fonseca, J.A. and Gemicioglu, B. and Gomez, R.-M. and Gotua, M. and Haahtela, T. and Hamelmann, E. and Iinuma, T. and Ivancevich, J.C. and Jassem, E. and Kalayci, O. and Kardas, P. and Khaitov, M. and Kuna, P. and Kvedariene, V. and Larenas-Linnemann, D.E. and Lipworth, B. and Makris, M. and Maspero, J.F. and Miculinic, N. and Mihaltan, F. and Mohammad, Y. and Montefort, S. and Morais-Almeida, M. and Mösges, R. and Naclerio, R. and Neffen, H. and Niedoszytko, M. and O’Hehir, R.E. and Ohta, K. and Okamoto, Y. and Okubo, K. and Panzner, P. and Papadopoulos, N.G. and Passalacqua, G. and Patella, V. and Pereira, A. and Pfaar, O. and Plavec, D. and Popov, T.A. and Prokopakis, E.P. and Puggioni, F. and Raciborski, F. and Reijula, J. and Regateiro, F.S. and Reitsma, S. and Romano, A. and Rosario, N. and Rottem, M. and Ryan, D. and Samolinski, B. and Sastre, J. and Solé, D. and Sova, M. and Stellato, C. and Suppli-Ulrik, C. and Tsiligianni, I. and Valero, A. and Valiulis, A. and Valovirta, E. and Vasankari, T. and Ventura, M.T. and Wallace, D. and Wang, D.Y. and Williams, S. and Yorgancioglu, A. and Yusuf, O.M. and Zernotti, M. and Bousquet, J. and Klimek, L.",
    journal = "Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "76",
    number = "8",
    pages = "2354-2366",
    publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc",
    doi = "10.1111/all.14815",
    keywords = "adult;  allergic rhinitis;  Article;  clinical feature;  common cold;  consensus development;  controlled study;  coronavirus disease 2019;  coughing;  Delphi study;  dyspnea;  eye pain;  eye redness;  human;  major clinical study;  nasal pruritus;  odor;  questionnaire;  rhinorrhea;  sneezing;  sore throat;  taste;  upper respiratory tract;  wheezing;  allergic rhinitis;  asthma;  consensus, Asthma;  Common Cold;  Consensus;  COVID-19;  Humans;  Rhinitis, Allergic;  SARS-CoV-2",
    abstract = "Background: Although there are many asymptomatic patients, one of the problems of COVID-19 is early recognition of the disease. COVID-19 symptoms are polymorphic and may include upper respiratory symptoms. However, COVID-19 symptoms may be mistaken with the common cold or allergic rhinitis. An ARIA-EAACI study group attempted to differentiate upper respiratory symptoms between the three diseases. Methods: A modified Delphi process was used. The ARIA members who were seeing COVID-19 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the upper airway symptoms of COVID-19, common cold and allergic rhinitis. Results: Among the 192 ARIA members who were invited to respond to the questionnaire, 89 responded and 87 questionnaires were analysed. The consensus was then reported. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the symptom intensity between the three diseases (p <.001). Conclusions: This modified Delphi approach enabled the differentiation of upper respiratory symptoms between COVID-19, the common cold and allergic rhinitis. An electronic algorithm will be devised using the questionnaire. © 2021 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd."
}