@article{3000257,
    title = "Dissecting pharmacological effects of chloroquine in cancer treatment: interference with inflammatory signaling pathways",
    author = "Varisli, L. and Cen, O. and Vlahopoulos, S.",
    journal = "Frontiers in Immunology",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "159",
    number = "3",
    pages = "257-278",
    publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
    doi = "10.1111/imm.13160",
    keywords = "chloroquine;  antineoplastic agent;  autacoid;  chloroquine, acidification;  antineoplastic activity;  autophagy (cellular);  cancer growth;  cancer inhibition;  cancer prognosis;  cancer stem cell;  cancer therapy;  cell metabolism;  cell stress;  cellular stress response;  clinical effectiveness;  clinical trial (topic);  drug effect;  human;  immune response;  lysosome;  malignant neoplasm;  phase 2 clinical trial (topic);  phase 3 clinical trial (topic);  priority journal;  protein expression;  protein homeostasis;  randomized controlled trial (topic);  Review;  signal transduction;  tissue metabolism;  tissue reaction;  tumor microenvironment;  animal;  autophagy;  immunology;  metabolism;  neoplasm;  pathology;  tumor hypoxia, Animals;  Antineoplastic Agents;  Autophagy;  Chloroquine;  Humans;  Inflammation Mediators;  Neoplasms;  Neoplastic Stem Cells;  Signal Transduction;  Tumor Hypoxia;  Tumor Microenvironment",
    abstract = "Chloroquines are 4-aminoquinoline-based drugs mainly used to treat malaria. At pharmacological concentrations, they have significant effects on tissue homeostasis, targeting diverse signaling pathways in mammalian cells. A key target pathway is autophagy, which regulates macromolecule turnover in the cell. In addition to affecting cellular metabolism and bioenergetic flow equilibrium, autophagy plays a pivotal role at the interface between inflammation and cancer progression. Chloroquines consequently have critical effects in tissue metabolic activity and importantly, in key functions of the immune system. In this article, we will review the work addressing the role of chloroquines in the homeostasis of mammalian tissue, and the potential strengths and weaknesses concerning their use in cancer therapy. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
}