@article{3000584,
    title = "Guidelines for biomarkers in autoimmune rheumatic diseases - evidence based analysis",
    author = "Giacomelli, R. and Afeltra, A. and Alunno, A. and Bartoloni-Bocci, E. and Berardicurti, O. and Bombardieri, M. and Bortoluzzi, A. and Caporali, R. and Caso, F. and Cervera, R. and Chimenti, M.S. and Cipriani, P. and Coloma, E. and Conti, F. and D'Angelo, S. and De Vita, S. and Di Bartolomeo, S. and Distler, O. and Doria, A. and Feist, E. and Fisher, B.A. and Gerosa, M. and Gilio, M. and Guggino, G. and Liakouli, V. and Margiotta, D.P.E. and Meroni, P. and Moroncini, G. and Perosa, F. and Prete, M. and Priori, R. and Rebuffi, C. and Ruscitti, P. and Scarpa, R. and Shoenfeld, Y. and Todoerti, M. and Ursini, F. and Valesini, G. and Vettori, S. and Vitali, C. and Tzioufas, A.G.",
    journal = "AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "18",
    number = "1",
    pages = "93-106",
    publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
    issn = "1568-9972",
    doi = "10.1016/j.autrev.2018.08.003",
    keywords = "abatacept;  adalimumab;  angiotensin 1 receptor;  apolipoprotein C3;  biological marker;  biological product;  C reactive protein;  C-C motif chemokine 18;  carboxy terminal telopeptide;  complement component C3;  cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody;  deoxypyridinoline;  disease modifying antirheumatic drug;  endothelin 1;  endothelin 1 type A receptor;  haptoglobin;  hydroxychloroquine;  infliximab;  insulin;  interleukin 6;  Krebs von den lungen 6;  leptin;  methotrexate;  osteocalcin;  rheumatoid factor;  rituximab;  salazosulfapyridine;  serum amyloid A;  stromelysin;  surfactant protein D;  unclassified drug;  biological marker, antibody titer;  antiphospholipid syndrome;  disease activity;  disease exacerbation;  enthesitis;  evidence based practice;  human;  lupus erythematosus nephritis;  meta analysis;  outcome assessment;  remission;  Review;  rheumatoid arthritis;  Sjoegren syndrome;  spondylarthritis;  systematic review;  systemic lupus erythematosus;  systemic sclerosis;  treatment response;  autoimmune disease;  early diagnosis;  immunology;  metabolism;  practice guideline;  procedures;  rheumatic disease, Autoimmune Diseases;  Biomarkers;  Early Diagnosis;  Evidence-Based Practice;  Guidelines as Topic;  Humans;  Rheumatic Diseases",
    abstract = "Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are characterised by an abnormal immune system response, complement activation, cytokines dysregulation and inflammation. In last years, despite many progresses in managing these patients, it has been shown that clinical remission is reached in less than 50% of patients and a personalised and tailored therapeutic approach is still lacking resulting in a significant gap between guidelines and real-world practice. In this context, the need for biomarkers facilitating early diagnosis and profiling those individuals at the highest risk for a poor outcome has become of crucial interest. A biomarker generally refers to a measured characteristic which may be used as an indicator of some biological state or condition. Three different types of medical biomarkers has been suggested: i. mechanistic markers; ii. clinical disease markers; iii. therapeutic markers. A combination of biomarkers from these different groups could be used for an ideal more accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, although a growing body of evidence is focused on improving biomarkers, a significant amount of this information is not integrated on standard clinical care. The overarching aim of this work was to clarify the meaning of specific biomarkers during autoimmune diseases; their possible role in confirming diagnosis, predicting outcome and suggesting specific treatments. © 2018"
}