@article{3001190,
    title = "Role of Cathepsin S in Periodontal Inflammation and Infection",
    author = "Memmert, S. and Damanaki, A. and Nogueira, A.V.B. and Eick, S. and Nokhbehsaim, M. and Papadopoulou, A.K. and Till, A. and Rath, B. and Jepsen, S. and Götz, W. and Piperi, C. and Basdra, E.K. and Cirelli, J.A. and Jäger, A. and Deschner, J.",
    journal = "Mediators of Inflammation",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "2017",
    publisher = "Hindawi Limited",
    issn = "0962-9351, 1466-1861",
    doi = "10.1155/2017/4786170",
    keywords = "autophagy related gene 3 protein;  autophagy related protein;  bcl2 antagonist killer 1 protein;  cathepsin S;  chemokine receptor CXCR4;  death associated protein kinase 1;  dna damage regulated autophagy modulator 1;  eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma;  glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase;  hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase;  immunity related gtpase family m;  insulin;  interleukin 1beta;  messenger RNA;  nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in b cell 1;  peptides and proteins;  phosphoinositide 3 kinase catalytic gamma polypeptide;  protein;  protein bcl 2;  protein Bid;  protein kinase;  somatomedin C;  TATA binding protein;  transmembrane protein 74;  tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand;  unclassified drug;  cathepsin;  cathepsin S, adolescent;  adult;  aged;  animal experiment;  animal model;  animal tissue;  Article;  autophagy;  cells by body anatomy;  child;  clinical article;  controlled study;  experimental periodontitis;  fibroblast;  Fusobacterium nucleatum;  gene expression level;  gene expression profiling;  gene expression regulation;  genetic association;  genetic transcription;  gingival biopsy;  human;  human cell;  human tissue;  in vitro study;  in vivo study;  male;  molecular pathology;  mRNA expression level;  nonhuman;  normal human;  periodontal disease;  periodontal ligament;  periodontal ligament cell;  periodontitis;  periodontium;  protein expression level;  rat;  upregulation;  animal;  cell culture;  enzymology;  female;  gingiva;  metabolism;  periodontitis;  physiology;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Animals;  Autophagy;  Cathepsins;  Cells, Cultured;  Child;  Female;  Gingiva;  Humans;  Male;  Periodontitis;  Rats;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease and regulator of autophagy with possible involvement in periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cathepsin S is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Human periodontal fibroblasts were cultured under inflammatory and infectious conditions elicited by interleukin-1β and Fusobacterium nucleatum, respectively. An array-based approach was used to analyze differential expression of autophagy-associated genes. Cathepsin S was upregulated most strongly and thus further studied in vitro at gene and protein levels. In vivo, gingival tissue biopsies from rats with ligature-induced periodontitis and from periodontitis patients were also analyzed at transcriptional and protein levels. Multiple gene expression changes due to interleukin-1β and F. nucleatum were observed in vitro. Both stimulants caused a significant cathepsin S upregulation. A significantly elevated cathepsin S expression in gingival biopsies from rats with experimental periodontitis was found in vivo, as compared to that from control. Gingival biopsies from periodontitis patients showed a significantly higher cathepsin S expression than those from healthy gingiva. Our findings provide original evidence that cathepsin S is increased in periodontal cells and tissues under inflammatory and infectious conditions, suggesting a critical role of this autophagy-associated molecule in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. © 2017 S. Memmert et al."
}