@article{3001805,
    title = "Early changes of the kinetics of monocyte trem-1 reflect final outcome in human sepsis",
    author = "Marioli, A. and Koupetori, M. and Raftogiannis, M. and Patrani, M. and Antonakos, N. and Pavlaki, M. and Adamis, G. and Dougekou, G. and Damoraki, G. and Tsangaris, I.",
    journal = "BMC Immunology",
    year = "2014",
    volume = "15",
    number = "1",
    publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd.",
    issn = "1471-2172",
    doi = "10.1186/s12865-014-0063-y",
    keywords = "adult;  aged;  Article;  controlled study;  enzyme immunoassay;  female;  flow cytometry;  gene expression;  genetic association;  human;  human cell;  immune response gene;  major clinical study;  male;  monocyte;  observational study;  peripheral blood mononuclear cell;  real time polymerase chain reaction;  sepsis;  septic shock;  serum;  severe sepsis;  survival rate;  survivor;  treatment outcome;  triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 gene;  blood;  clinical trial;  disease free survival;  follow up;  gene expression regulation;  immunology;  kinetics;  metabolism;  middle aged;  mortality;  pathology;  sepsis;  very elderly, immunoglobulin receptor;  membrane protein;  TREM1 protein, human, Aged;  Aged, 80 and over;  Disease-Free Survival;  Female;  Follow-Up Studies;  Gene Expression Regulation;  Humans;  Kinetics;  Male;  Membrane Glycoproteins;  Middle Aged;  Monocytes;  Receptors, Immunologic;  Sepsis;  Survival Rate",
    abstract = "Background: TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells), a receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes, is upregulated in sepsis and seems to tune the inflammatory response. We explored the expression of TREM-1 at the gene level and on cell membranes of monocytes and association with clinical outcome. Methods: Peripheral venous blood was sampled from 75 septic patients (39 patients with sepsis, 25 with severe sepsis and 11 with septic shock) on sepsis days 1, 3 and 7. TREM-1 on monocytes was measured by flow cytometry; gene expression of in circulating mononuclear cells was assessed by real-time PCR. sTREM-1 was measured in serum by an enzyme immunoassay. Results: Although surface TREM-1, sTREM-1 and gene expression did not differ between sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock on day 1, survivors had greater expression of surface TREM-1 on days 3 and 7 compared to non-survivors. sTREM-1 on non-survivors decreased on day 3 compared to baseline. Patients with increase of monocyte gene expression of from day 1 to day 3 had prolonged survival compared to patients with decrease of gene expression of from day 1 to day 3 (p: 0.031). Conclusions: Early decrease of gene expression of in monocytes is associated with poor outcome. A reciprocal decrease of the pro-inflammatory surface receptor TREM-1 linked with sepsis-induced immunosuppression may be part of the explanation. © Marioli et al."
}