@article{3002578,
    title = "Beneficial effect of Salmonella typhimurium infection and of immunoglobulins from S. typhimurium-infected mice on the autoimmune disease of (NZB × NZW)F1 mice",
    author = "Matsiota-Bernard, P. and Hentati, B. and Pié, S. and Legakis, N. and Nauciel, C. and Avrameas, S.",
    journal = "Clinical and Experimental Immunology",
    year = "1996",
    volume = "104",
    number = "2",
    pages = "228-235",
    publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.15724.x",
    keywords = "bacterium antibody;  immunoglobulin;  immunoglobulin g;  immunoglobulin m, animal experiment;  article;  autoimmunity;  controlled study;  etiology;  female;  host resistance;  immunoregulation;  mouse;  nonhuman;  priority journal;  salmonella typhimurium;  salmonellosis, Animals;  Antibodies, Bacterial;  Autoimmune Diseases;  Crosses, Genetic;  Disease Susceptibility;  Female;  Immunoglobulins;  Mice;  Mice, Inbred C57BL;  Mice, Inbred CBA;  Mice, Inbred NZB;  Proteinuria;  Salmonella Infections, Animal;  Salmonella typhimurium",
    abstract = "Various infections can precede or aggravate autoimmune diseases. Yet a beneficial effect of infection has also been described and various mechanisms have been postulated to explain this effect. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that infection can have an immunoregulatory effect on the autoimmune process via the increased production of natural polyreactive antibodies. The effect of Salmonella typhimurium infection on the lupus-like disease of (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice was therefore studied. The effect of IgM and IgG preparations isolated from the serum of S. typhimurium-infected C57B1/6 and CBA mice on the autoimmune disease of B/W mice was also tested. C57BI/6 and CBA mice were chosen because they are respectively genetically susceptible and resistant to S. typhimurium infection and they differ in their antibody response during the early phase of infection. CBA mice can mount a specific antibacterium antibody response, whereas C57B1/6 mice present increased production of polyreactive antibodies. The infection effect was evaluated on several disease parameters, i.e. survival, incidence of high grade proteinuria and serum IgM and IgG antibody activity directed against a panel of autoantigens. Our main findings were: (i) infection of B/W mice with an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium delayed the course of the autoimmune disease when performed before the appearance of autoimmune symptoms; and (ii) IgM and IgG preparations from S. typhimurium-infected C57B1/6 mice had a similar effect, whereas the IgM and IgG preparations from infected CBA mice, as well as from normal C57B1/6 and CBA mice, were ineffective. These results suggest that S. typhimurium infection can beneficially influence the development of the autoimmune disease of B/W mice. The immunoregulatory effect of the infection seems to be related, at least partially, to the increase of a particular population of antibodies, the polyreactive antibodies."
}