@article{3002939,
    title = "Hepatitis c virus viremia increases the Incidence of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected Patients",
    author = "Peters, L. and Grint, D. and Lundgren, J.D. and Rockstroh, J.K. and Soriano, V. and Reiss, P. and Grzeszczuk, A. and Sambatakou, H. and Mocroft, A. and Kirk, O. and Losso, M. and Elias, C. and Vetter, N. and Zangerle, R. and Karpov, I. and Vassilenko, A. and Mitsura, V.M. and Suetnov, O. and Clumeck, N. and De Wit, S. and Delforge, M. and Colebunders, R. and Vandekerckhove, L. and Hadziosmanovic, V. and Kostov, K. and Begovac, J. and Machala, L. and Jilich, D. and Sedlacek, D. and Nielsen, J. and Kronborg, G. and Benfield, T. and Larsen, M. and Gerstoft, J. and Katzenstein, T. and Hansen, A.-B.E. and Skinhøj, P. and Pedersen, C. and Ostergaard, L. and Zilmer, K. and Smidt, J. and Ristola, M. and Katlama, C. and Viard, J.-P. and Girard, P.-M. and Livrozet, J.M. and Vanhems, P. and Pradier, C. and Dabis, F. and Neau, D. and Schmidt, R. and Van Lunzen, J. and Degen, O. and Stellbrink, H.J. and Staszewski, S. and Bogner, J. and Fätkenheuer, G. and Kosmidis, J. and Gargalianos, P. and Xylomenos, G. and Perdios, J. and Panos, G. and Filandras, A. and Karabatsaki, E. and Banhegyi, D. and Mulcahy, F. and Yust, I. and Turner, D. and Burke, M. and Pollack, S. and Hassoun, G. and Maayan, S. and Vella, S. and Esposito, R. and Mazeu, I. and Mussini, C. and Arici, C. and Pristera, R. and Mazzotta, F. and Gabbuti, A. and Vullo, V. and Lichtner, M. and Chirianni, A. and Montesarchio, E. and Gargiulo, M. and Antonucci, G. and Testa, A. and Narciso, P. and Vlassi, C. and Zaccarelli, M. and Lazzarin, A. and Castagna, A. and Gianotti, N. and Galli, M. and Ridolfo, A. and D'Arminio Monforte, A. and Rozentale, B. and Zeltina, I. and Chaplinskas, S. and Hemmer, R. and Staub, T. and Ormaasen, V. and Maeland, A. and Bruun, J. and Knysz, B. and Gasiorowski, J. and Horban, A. and Bakowska, E. and Flisiak, R. and Boron-Kaczmarska, A. and Pynka, M. and Parczewski, M. and Beniowski, M. and Mularska, E. and Trocha, H. and Jablonowska, E. and Malolepsza, E. and Wojcik, K. and Antunes, F. and Doroana, M. and Caldeira, L. and Mansinho, K. and Maltez, F. and Duiculescu, D. and Babes, V. and Rakhmanova, A. and Zakharova, N. and Buzunova, S. and Jevtovic, D. and Mokráš, M. and Staneková, D. and Tomazic, J. and González-Lahoz, J. and Labarga, P. and Medrano, J. and Moreno, S. and Rodriguez, J.M. and Clotet, B. and Jou, A. and Paredes, R. and Tural, C. and Puig, J. and Bravo, I. and Gatell, J.M. and Miró, J.M. and Domingo, P. and Gutierrez, M. and Mateo, G. and Sambeat, M.A. and Karlsson, A. and Flamholc, L. and Ledergerber, B. and Weber, R. and Francioli, P. and Cavassini, M. and Hirschel, B. and Boffi, E. and Furrer, H. and Battegay, M. and Elzi, L. and Kravchenko, E. and Chentsova, N. and Frolov, V. and Kutsyna, G. and Servitskiy, S. and Krasnov, M. and Barton, S. and Johnson, A.M. and Mercey, D. and Phillips, A. and Johnson, M.A. and Murphy, M. and Weber, J. and Scullard, G. and Fisher, M. and Leen, C. and EuroSIDA in EuroCoord",
    journal = "Ελληνικά Αρχεία AIDS=:  Hellenic Archives of AIDS",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "26",
    number = "15",
    pages = "1917-1926",
    publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
    issn = "11058900",
    doi = "10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283574e71",
    keywords = "creatinine;  hepatitis C antibody;  virus RNA, adult;  article;  chronic kidney disease;  chronicity;  creatinine blood level;  female;  follow up;  genotype;  glomerulus filtration rate;  Hepatitis C virus;  human;  Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  incidence;  major clinical study;  male;  priority journal;  risk assessment;  viremia;  virus gene;  virus pathogenesis",
    abstract = "Background: Several studies have reported on an association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody status and the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the role of HCV viremia and genotype are not well defined. Methods: Patients with at least three serum creatinine measurements after 1 January 2004 and known HCV antibody status were included. Baseline was defined as the first eligible estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (Cockcroft-Gault equation), and CKD was either a confirmed (>3 months apart) eGFR of 60 ml/min per 1.73m2 or less for patients with a baseline eGFR more than 60 ml/min per 1.73m2 or a confirmed 25% decline in eGFR for patients with a baseline eGFR of 60 ml/min per 1.73m2 or less. Incidence rates of CKD were compared between HCV groups (anti-HCV-negative, anti-HCV-positive with or without viremia) using Poisson regression. Results: Of 8235 patients with known anti-HCV status, 2052 (24.9%) were anti-HCVpositive of whom 983 (47.9%) were HCV-RNA-positive, 193 (9.4%) HCV-RNAnegative and 876 (42.7%) had unknown HCV-RNA. At baseline, the median eGFR was 97.6 (interquartile range 83.8-113.0) ml/min per 1.73m2. During 36123 personyears of follow-up (PYFU), 495 patients progressed to CKD (6.0%) with an incidence rate of 14.5 per 1000 PYFU (95% confidence interval 12.5-14.9). In a multivariate Poisson model, patients who were anti-HCV-positive with HCV viremia had a higher incidence rate of CKD, whereas patients with cleared HCV infection had a similar incidence rate of CKD compared with anti-HCV-negative patients. There was no association between CKD and HCV genotype. Conclusion: Compared with HIV-monoinfected patients, HIV-positive patients with chronic rather than cleared HCV infection were at increased risk of developing CKD, suggesting a contribution from active HCV infection toward the pathogenesis of CKD. © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health."
}