@article{3003192,
    title = "Transmission of trained immunity and heterologous resistance to infections across generations",
    author = "Katzmarski, N. and Domínguez-Andrés, J. and Cirovic, B. and Renieris, G. and Ciarlo, E. and Le Roy, D. and Lepikhov, K. and Kattler, K. and Gasparoni, G. and Händler, K. and Theis, H. and Beyer, M. and van der Meer, J.W.M. and Joosten, L.A.B. and Walter, J. and Schultze, J.L. and Roger, T. and Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J. and Schlitzer, A. and Netea, M.G.",
    journal = "Nature Immunology",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "22",
    number = "11",
    pages = "1382-1390",
    publisher = "Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research",
    issn = "1529-2908, 1529-2916",
    doi = "10.1038/s41590-021-01052-7",
    keywords = "DNA;  meloxicam, animal cell;  animal experiment;  animal model;  animal tissue;  Article;  candidiasis;  controlled study;  DNA methylation;  effector cell;  epigenetics;  Escherichia coli infection;  female;  gene locus;  hematopoietic stem cell;  infection resistance;  innate immunity;  listeriosis;  male;  mouse;  myeloid progenitor cell;  nonhuman;  progeny;  sperm;  stem cell;  trained immunity;  transcription regulation;  animal;  bone marrow cell;  Candida albicans;  candidiasis;  cell culture;  disease model;  Escherichia coli;  Escherichia coli infection;  genetic epigenesis;  genetic transcription;  genetics;  heredity;  host pathogen interaction;  immunology;  innate immunity;  Listeria monocytogenes;  listeriosis;  metabolism;  microbiology;  pathogenicity;  spermatozoon;  transgenic mouse, Animals;  Candida albicans;  Candidiasis;  Cells, Cultured;  Disease Models, Animal;  DNA Methylation;  Epigenesis, Genetic;  Escherichia coli;  Escherichia coli Infections;  Heredity;  Host-Pathogen Interactions;  Immunity, Innate;  Listeria monocytogenes;  Listeriosis;  Male;  Mice, Transgenic;  Myeloid Cells;  Spermatozoa;  Transcription, Genetic",
    abstract = "Intergenerational inheritance of immune traits linked to epigenetic modifications has been demonstrated in plants and invertebrates. Here we provide evidence for transmission of trained immunity across generations to murine progeny that survived a sublethal systemic infection with Candida albicans or a zymosan challenge. The progeny of trained mice exhibited cellular, developmental, transcriptional and epigenetic changes associated with the bone marrow-resident myeloid effector and progenitor cell compartment. Moreover, the progeny of trained mice showed enhanced responsiveness to endotoxin challenge, alongside improved protection against systemic heterologous Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes infections. Sperm DNA of parental male mice intravenously infected with the fungus C. albicans showed DNA methylation differences linked to immune gene loci. These results provide evidence for inheritance of trained immunity in mammals, enhancing protection against infections. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc."
}