@article{3003653,
    title = "In Vitro and in Vivo Preclinical Effects of Type i IFNs on Gliomas",
    author = "Galani, V. and Papadatos, S.S. and Alexiou, G. and Galani, A. and Kyritsis, A.P.",
    journal = "Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "37",
    number = "4",
    pages = "139-146",
    publisher = "Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA",
    doi = "10.1089/jir.2016.0094",
    keywords = "interferon;  microRNA 21;  protein p53;  antineoplastic agent;  interferon, antineoplastic activity;  antiproliferative activity;  cancer immunotherapy;  CD8+ T lymphocyte;  cytokine release;  down regulation;  glioma;  human;  in vitro study;  in vivo study;  macrophage activation;  nonhuman;  priority journal;  Review;  signal transduction;  animal;  cancer stem cell;  cell proliferation;  clinical study;  drug effects;  glioma;  immunomodulation;  metabolism;  mortality;  multimodality cancer therapy;  preclinical study;  treatment outcome, Animals;  Antineoplastic Agents;  Cell Proliferation;  Clinical Studies as Topic;  Combined Modality Therapy;  Drug Evaluation, Preclinical;  Glioma;  Humans;  Immunomodulation;  Interferon Type I;  Neoplastic Stem Cells;  Signal Transduction;  Treatment Outcome",
    abstract = "The interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse cellular actions such as control of cell proliferation and regulation of immune responses; therefore, they have been extensively studied as antitumor agents for a variety of malignancies, including gliomas. Type I IFNs exert their antitumor effects either directly, by targeting the tumor cells or the tumor stem cells, or indirectly, by regulating the anticancer activities of the immune system. More specifically, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha exhibit antiproliferative effects by p53 induction, CD8+ T-lymphocyte and macrophage activation, chemokine secretion, and miR-21 downregulation. In vitro and in vivo studies provide evidence that immunotherapy could have a role in glioma treatment, especially when first-line therapeutic interventions fail to produce durable responses. These effects are more obvious when combining IFN-beta with classical antitumor therapies such as temozolamide, an oral chemotherapeutic, for both newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas. However, further clinical studies are needed to determine whether IFNs will have a definite place in the management of gliomas. © Copyright Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2017."
}