@article{3004455,
    title = "Atypical bacteria and macrolides in asthma",
    author = "Xepapadaki, P. and Koutsoumpari, I. and Papaevagelou, V. and Karagianni, C. and Papadopoulos, N.G.",
    journal = "Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology",
    year = "2008",
    volume = "4",
    number = "3",
    pages = "111-116",
    doi = "10.2310/7480.2008.00012",
    keywords = "clarithromycin;  ketolide;  macrolide;  placebo;  roxithromycin;  telithromycin, allergic reaction;  antiinflammatory activity;  antimicrobial activity;  article;  asthma;  bacterial infection;  Chlamydophila pneumoniae;  clinical trial;  cytokine production;  disease association;  disease course;  disease exacerbation;  disease severity;  drug efficacy;  drug mechanism;  host pathogen interaction;  human;  immunomodulation;  lung function;  Mycoplasma pneumoniae;  nonhuman;  pathogenesis;  respiratory tract disease;  treatment duration;  wheezing",
    abstract = "Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are common pathogens causing acute illness in both the upper and lower airways. Several observations are supportive of a possible causative role of these pathogens in asthma; however, more evidence is required before this becomes meaningful in clinical practice. Atypical bacteria can enhance airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, both of which have been associated with exacerbations in patients with preexisting asthma. It is less clear whether the above mechanisms might also be responsible for the development of asthma. Difficulties in accurately diagnosing these infections contribute to such uncertainty. In the present report, evidence of the involvement of Chiamydophila and Mycoplasma infection in the development and the progression of asthma are reviewed."
}