@article{3005580,
    title = "Trace metals pollution of waters and soils in Kardjali region, Bulgaria",
    author = "Rabadjieva, D. and Kovacheva, A. and Tepavitcharova, S. and Dassenakis, M. and Karavoltsos, S.",
    journal = "Environmental Monitoring and Assessment",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "190",
    number = "7",
    publisher = "Springer International Publishing",
    issn = "0167-6369, 1573-2959",
    doi = "10.1007/s10661-018-6766-4",
    keywords = "Manganese removal (water treatment);  Metals;  Organic carbon;  Pollution;  Population distribution;  River pollution;  Soil moisture;  Soils;  Surface waters;  Thermodynamics;  Trace elements;  Water;  Zinc, Bidentate bonds;  Chemical species;  Dissolved organic carbon;  Distribution of metal;  Geo-accumulation index;  Organic complex;  Thermodynamic model;  Trace metal, Soil pollution, aluminum;  cadmium;  cobalt;  copper;  iron;  lead;  manganese;  nickel;  organic carbon;  surface water;  trace metal;  zinc;  heavy metal;  trace element, dissolved organic matter;  geoaccumulation;  pollutant source;  soil pollution;  thermodynamics;  trace metal;  water pollution, Article;  bioaccumulation;  Bulgaria;  controlled study;  ecotoxicity;  mathematical model;  metallurgy;  soil pollutant;  soil pollution;  thermodynamics;  water pollutant;  water pollution;  analysis;  chemistry;  ecosystem;  environmental monitoring;  pollution;  soil;  statistics and numerical data, Bulgaria, Bulgaria;  Ecosystem;  Environmental Monitoring;  Environmental Pollution;  Metallurgy;  Metals, Heavy;  Soil;  Soil Pollutants;  Trace Elements",
    abstract = "Trace metals pollution of surface waters and their nearby soils in the metallurgically polluted Kardjali region, Bulgaria, were studied. Thermodynamic modeling including the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was carried out for evaluating the distribution of metal species in waters and soil solutions. Zn was found to be the most widespread pollutant in the water samples, followed by Cu, Mn, and Cd. Geoaccumulation indices of trace metals for the tested soils were calculated, indicating that regarding Al, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu all soils are “uncontaminated”. The most significant soil pollutant was found to be Cd, with all soils being either “extremely contaminated” by this metal or close to the limit, followed by Pb and Zn. The dynamics of trace metal chemical species distribution in surface waters and in the water-soluble soil fractions, as a result of possible spontaneous precipitations, was calculated by applying different thermodynamic models. Regarding Mn, Co, Ni, and Cd in waters and aqueous soil extracts and Zn in aqueous soil extracts, their free ion species prevailed, being more labile and hence toxic for the ecosystem. In the case of Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, and Pb in the waters and aqueous soil extracts and of Zn in waters, stable organic complexes with bidentate bonds, Me(OH)4 − or Me(OH)0 2 prevailed. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature."
}