@article{3005637,
    title = "Environmental exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents",
    author = "Vucinic, S. and Antonijevic, B. and Tsatsakis, A.M. and Vassilopoulou, L. and Docea, A.O. and Nosyrev, A.E. and Izotov, B.N. and Thiermann, H. and Drakoulis, N. and Brkic, D.",
    journal = "Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "56",
    pages = "163-171",
    publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
    issn = "1382-6689",
    doi = "10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.004",
    keywords = "acetylcholinesterase;  carboxylesterase;  cholinesterase;  lewisite;  mustard gas;  nerve gas;  organophosphorus compound;  chemical warfare agent;  lewisite;  mustard gas;  nerve gas;  organoarsenic derivative;  organophosphorus compound, chemical accident;  environmental exposure;  enzyme activity;  human;  intoxication;  monitoring;  priority journal;  Review;  risk assessment;  soldier;  terrorism;  toxicity;  war;  analysis;  environmental exposure;  environmental monitoring;  occupational health;  water pollutant, Arsenicals;  Chemical Warfare Agents;  Environmental Exposure;  Environmental Monitoring;  Humans;  Mustard Gas;  Nerve Agents;  Occupational Health;  Organophosphorus Compounds;  Water Pollutants, Chemical",
    abstract = "Exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents, the most deadly chemical warfare agents, is possible in a variety of situations, such as destruction of chemical warfare agents, terrorist attacks, armed conflicts or accidents in research laboratories and storage facilities. Hundreds of thousands of tons of chemical munitions were disposed of at the sea in the post World War II period, with European, Russian, Japanese and US coasts being the most affected. Sulfur mustard, Lewisite and nerve agents appear to be the most frequently chemical warfare agents disposed of at the sea. Addressing the overall environmental risk, it has been one of the priorities of the world community since that time. Aside from confirming exposure to nerve agents in the alleged use for forensic purposes, the detection and identification of biological markers of exposure are also needed for the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning, in addition to occupational health monitoring for specific profiles of workers. When estimating detrimental effects of acute or potential chronic sub-lethal doses of organophosphorus nerve agents, released accidentally or intentionally into the environment, it is necessary to understand the wide spectra of physical, chemical and toxicological properties of these agents, and predict their ultimate fate in environmental systems. © 2017 Elsevier B.V."
}