@article{3005741,
    title = "From hygroscopic aerosols to cloud droplets: The HygrA-CD campaign in the Athens basin — An overview",
    author = "Papayannis, A. and Argyrouli, A. and Bougiatioti, A. and Remoundaki, E. and Vratolis, S. and Nenes, A. and Solomos, S. and Komppula, M. and Giannakaki, E. and Kalogiros, J. and Banks, R. and Eleftheriadis, K. and Mantas, E. and Diapouli, E. and Tzanis, C.G. and Kazadzis, S. and Binietoglou, I. and Labzovskii, L. and Vande Hey, J. and Zerefos, C.S.",
    journal = "The Science of the Total Environment",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "574",
    pages = "216-233",
    publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
    issn = "0048-9697",
    doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.054",
    keywords = "Aerosols;  Boundary layers;  Chemical properties;  Coastal zones;  Drops;  Gallium alloys;  Optical radar;  Shape memory effect;  Supersaturation, Athens;  Cloud development;  Cloud droplet number;  Doppler lidars;  FLEXPART;  Greece;  HygrA-CD;  Precipitation radar;  Raman LIDAR;  SMPS, Precipitation (meteorology), aerosol;  aerosol formation;  cloud condensation nucleus;  cloud droplet;  convective boundary layer;  Doppler lidar;  Doppler radar;  hygroscopicity;  physicochemical property;  weather forecasting;  wind velocity, aerosol;  airflow;  Article;  biomass;  cloud;  concentration (parameters);  environmental impact;  experimental study;  Greece;  high temperature procedures;  human activities;  marine environment;  particle size;  physical chemistry;  precipitation;  priority journal;  velocity;  wind, Athens [Attica];  Attica;  Greece",
    abstract = "The international experimental campaign Hygroscopic Aerosols to Cloud Droplets (HygrA-CD), organized in the Greater Athens Area (GAA), Greece from 15 May to 22 June 2014, aimed to study the physico-chemical properties of aerosols and their impact on the formation of clouds in the convective Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). We found that under continental (W-NW-N) and Etesian (NE) synoptic wind flow and with a deep moist PBL (~ 2–2.5 km height), mixed hygroscopic (anthropogenic, biomass burning and marine) particles arrive over the GAA, and contribute to the formation of convective non-precipitating PBL clouds (of ~ 16–20 μm mean diameter) with vertical extent up to 500 m. Under these conditions, high updraft velocities (1–2 m s− 1) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations (~ 2000 cm− 3 at 1% supersaturation), generated clouds with an estimated cloud droplet number of ~ 600 cm− 3. Under Saharan wind flow conditions (S-SW) a shallow PBL (< 1–1.2 km height) develops, leading to much higher CCN concentrations (~ 3500–5000 cm− 3 at 1% supersaturation) near the ground; updraft velocities, however, were significantly lower, with an estimated maximum cloud droplet number of ~ 200 cm− 3 and without observed significant PBL cloud formation. The largest contribution to cloud droplet number variance is attributed to the updraft velocity variability, followed by variances in aerosol number concentration. © 2016 Elsevier B.V."
}