@article{3010653,
    title = "Antifungal activity of thiophenes from Echinops ritro",
    author = "Fokialakis, N. and Cantrell, C.L. and Duke, S.O. and Skaltsounis, A.L. and Wedge, D.E.",
    journal = "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry",
    year = "2006",
    volume = "54",
    number = "5",
    pages = "1651-1655",
    issn = "0021-8561, 1520-5118",
    doi = "10.1021/jf052702j",
    keywords = "dichloromethane;  fungicide;  plant extract;  terthienyl;  thiophene derivative, article;  Ascomycetes;  Asteraceae;  Botrytis;  chemistry;  Colletotrichum;  drug effect;  Fusarium;  isolation and purification;  microbiology;  plant, Ascomycota;  Botrytis;  Colletotrichum;  Echinops Plant;  Fungicides, Industrial;  Fusarium;  Methylene Chloride;  Plant Extracts;  Plants;  Thiophenes, Asteraceae;  Botryotinia fuckeliana;  Colletotrichum;  Colletotrichum fragariae;  Echinops (plant);  Echinops ritro;  Fusarium oxysporum;  Glomerella acutata;  Glomerella cingulata;  Phomopsis obscurans;  Phomopsis viticola",
    abstract = "Extracts from 30 plants of the Greek flora were evaluated for their antifungal activity using direct bioautography assays with three Colletotrichum species. Among the bioactive extracts, the dichloromethane extract of the radix of Echinops ritro (Asteraceae) was the most potent. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of eight thiophenes. Antifungal activities of isolated compounds together with a previously isolated thiophene from Echinops transiliensis were first evaluated by bioautography and subsequently evaluated in greater detail using a broth microdilution assay against plant pathogens Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis viticola, and Phomopsis obscurans. 5′-(3-Buten-1-ynyl)-2,2′- bithiophen (1), α-terthienyl (2), and 2-[pent-1,3-diynyl]-5-[4-hydroxybut- 1-ynyl]thiophene (5) at 3 and 30 μM were active against all three Colletotrichum species, F. oxysporum, P. viticola, and P. obscurans. © 2006 American Chemical Society."
}