@article{3019997,
    title = "Immunostimulation and Coagulopathy in COVID-19 Compared to Patients With H1N1 Pneumonia or Bacterial Sepsis",
    author = "Papadakis, D.-D. and Politou, M. and Kompoti, M. and Vagionas, D. and Kostakou, E. and Theodoulou, D. and Kaniaris, E. and Rovina, N. and Panayiotakopoulos, G. and Dimopoulos, S. and Koutsoukou, A. and Vasileiadis, I.",
    journal = "In vivo (Athens, Greece)",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "36",
    number = "2",
    pages = "954-960",
    publisher = "NLM (Medline)",
    doi = "10.21873/invivo.12786",
    keywords = "blood clotting disorder;  complication;  human;  immunization;  Influenza A virus (H1N1);  sepsis, Blood Coagulation Disorders;  COVID-19;  Humans;  Immunization;  Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype;  SARS-CoV-2;  Sepsis",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND/AIM: Multiple reports from all over the world link COVID-19 with endothelial/coagulation disorders as well as a dysregulated immune response. This study tested the hypothesis that immunostimulation will be greater in COVID-19 patients than in patients with H1N1 infection or bacterial sepsis. Also, whether an increase in immune stimulation will be accompanied by a more severely affected endothelium/coagulation system was examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three septic patients, admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), were enrolled (9 with SARS-CoV-2, 5 with H1N1 pneumonia, 9 with bacterial sepsis). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity along with certain endothelial/coagulation factors were assessed on admission (time point 1) and at either improvement or deterioration (time point 2). RESULTS: MPO levels were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to both other groups. Furthermore, in patients with COVID-19, vWF levels did not differ significantly, fVIII levels were lower while ADAMTS-13 activity was higher compared to patients with H1N1 pneumonia and bacterial sepsis (a trend in the latter). CONCLUSION: Increased immunostimulation was noted in COVID-19 patients compared to other septic patients; however, this was not accompanied by greater disturbance of the clotting system and/or more severe endothelial injury. Copyright © 2022, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved."
}