@article{3020512,
    title = "Serum uric acid and diabetes: From pathophysiology to cardiovascular disease",
    author = "Katsiki, N. and Dimitriadis, G.D. and Mikhailidis, D.P.",
    journal = "Current Pharmaceutical Design",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "27",
    number = "16",
    pages = "1941-1951",
    publisher = "Bentham Science Publishers",
    issn = "1381-6128",
    doi = "10.2174/1381612827666210104124320",
    keywords = "alogliptin;  canagliflozin;  dapagliflozin;  dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor;  dulaglutide;  empagliflozin;  exendin 4;  glibenclamide;  gliclazide;  glimepiride;  glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist;  insulin;  linagliptin;  liraglutide;  lixisenatide;  metformin;  pioglitazone;  semaglutide;  sitagliptin;  sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor;  sulfonylurea;  vildagliptin;  antidiabetic agent;  dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor;  uric acid, atherosclerosis;  atrial fibrillation;  cardiometabolic risk;  cardiovascular disease;  cardiovascular mortality;  cardiovascular risk;  carotid artery disease;  cerebrovascular accident;  glucose metabolism;  glycemic control;  heart failure;  human;  hyperglycemia;  hyperuricemia;  inflammation;  insulin blood level;  insulin resistance;  insulin treatment;  ischemic heart disease;  lipid metabolism;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  nonalcoholic fatty liver;  oxidative stress;  pathophysiology;  peripheral occlusive artery disease;  Review;  thrombosis;  uric acid blood level, Cardiovascular Diseases;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors;  Humans;  Hypoglycemic Agents;  Uric Acid",
    abstract = "Hyperuricemia, has been traditionally related to nephrolithiasis and gout. However, it has also been associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiometabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiologically, elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may be associated with abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism. In this narrative review, we consider the associations between hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Furthermore, we comment on the available evidence linking elevated SUA levels with the incidence and outcomes of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver in subjects with T2DM. The effects of antidiabetic drugs (e.g. metformin, pioglitazone, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and insulin) on SUA concentrations are also reviewed. © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers."
}