@article{3021770,
    title = "Reversal of novel anticoagulants in emergent surgery and trauma: A comprehensive review and proposed management algorithm",
    author = "Palaiodimos, L. and Miles, J. and Kokkinidis, D.G. and Barkolias, C. and Jonnalagadda, A.K. and Papaconstantinou, D. and Frountzas, M. and Misiakos, E.P. and Schizas, D.",
    journal = "Current Pharmaceutical Design",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "24",
    number = "38",
    pages = "4540-4553",
    publisher = "Bentham Science Publishers B.V.",
    issn = "1381-6128",
    doi = "10.2174/1381612825666181226150629",
    keywords = "activated carbon;  andexanet alfa;  andexxa;  anticoagulant agent;  apixaban;  betrixaban;  ciraparantag;  dabigatran;  edoxaban;  idarucizumab;  pf 05230907;  rivaroxaban;  warfarin;  anticoagulant agent, activated partial thromboplastin time;  anticoagulation;  Article;  atrial fibrillation;  blood clotting disorder;  cerebrovascular accident;  Child Pugh score;  classification algorithm;  creatinine clearance;  dizziness;  drug bioavailability;  drug efficacy;  drug elimination;  drug excretion;  drug half life;  drug metabolism;  drug protein binding;  drug safety;  drug tolerability;  dyspepsia;  emergency surgery;  enzyme metabolism;  epistaxis;  flu like syndrome;  gastrointestinal hemorrhage;  human;  immunogenicity;  injury;  outcome assessment;  priority journal;  renal replacement therapy;  risk assessment;  risk factor;  skin irritation;  thromboembolism;  algorithm;  hospital emergency service;  operative blood loss;  oral drug administration;  perioperative period;  procedures;  surgery;  treatment outcome, Administration, Oral;  Algorithms;  Anticoagulants;  Blood Loss, Surgical;  Emergency Service, Hospital;  Humans;  Perioperative Care;  Surgical Procedures, Operative;  Treatment Outcome;  Wounds and Injuries",
    abstract = "Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, are increasingly used for thromboembolism prevention. Contrary to older anticoagulants, such as coumadin, when antidotes existed and were broadly used in cases of emergent surgery and bleeding, antidotes for NOACs have not been developed until recently. Moreover, the monitoring of NOAC’s anticoagulant effect varies across different hospital settings and the absence of a single test that can accurately predict the degree of anticoagulation achieved increases the uncertainty. These uncertainties often result in management dilemmas for clinicians when patients who are on NOACs need a reversal of anticoagulation. Until recently, available antidotes for NOACs included only prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) and recombinant activated factor VII and the less optimal fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Recently though, novel antidotes for NOACs have been developed, including idarucizumab, which is a monoclonal antibody fragment that binds dabigatran, and andexanet alfa, a modified decoy form of the activated factor X (FXa) that binds FXa inhibitors and AT III. Another option, ciraparantag, which is a small molecule that binds to heparin, thrombin inhibitors and FXa inhibitors, is still in phase I development. In this review, we summarize the current evidence and present the available bypassing and novel reversal agents. Finally, we propose an algorithm for the management of patients who take NOACs and present to the emergency department with either trauma and active bleeding or need for emergent surgery. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers."
}