@article{3023110,
    title = "Diurnal changes in glucocorticoid sensitivity in human peripheral blood samples",
    author = "Gratsias, Y. and Moutsatsou, P. and Chrysanthopoulou, G. and Tsagarakis, S. and Thalassinos, N. and Sekeris, C.E.",
    journal = "Steroids",
    year = "2000",
    volume = "65",
    number = "12",
    pages = "851-856",
    issn = "0039-128X",
    doi = "10.1016/S0039-128X(00)00135-5",
    keywords = "dexamethasone;  glucocorticoid;  glucocorticoid receptor;  transcription factor;  tumor necrosis factor alpha, adult;  article;  blood sampling;  circadian rhythm;  clinical article;  enzyme activity;  female;  genetic transcription;  hormone action;  hormone blood level;  hormone sensitivity;  human;  hydrocortisone release;  hypothalamus hypophysis adrenal system;  male;  receptor affinity;  receptor gene;  reproducibility, Adult;  Blood Cells;  Circadian Rhythm;  Dexamethasone;  Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;  Female;  Glucocorticoids;  Humans;  Hydrocortisone;  Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System;  Lipopolysaccharides;  Male;  Normal Distribution;  Pituitary-Adrenal System;  Sex Factors;  Statistics, Nonparametric;  Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha",
    abstract = "The secretion of cortisol, a principle homeostatic regulator in humans, shows a circadian rhythm, with high concentrations in the morning and low levels in the evening and at night. Tissue response to hormones is dependent on hormone concentrations but also on a variety of cellular factors, such as hormone receptors, transcription factors, and activators. In this report, we evaluated whether cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GCs) is also subject to diurnal variation using a whole cell system (whole blood samples) stimulated by lipopolysacharide to induce the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); the induction of TNF-α is inhibited by dexamethasone. Blood samples obtained in the morning (08.30-09.00 h) and in the evening (22.30-23.00 h) from 37 healthy individuals (18 males, 19 females) aged 29 ± 3 years were treated with lipopolysacharide in the presence or absence of 10-6 M dexamethasone, and the percentage of inhibition of TNF-α production was used as an index of sensitivity to GCs. The mean ± SD in morning samples was 43.5 ± 13.8% for the general population, 42.3 ± 14.0% for males and 44.6 ± 13.8% for females, whereas that in the evening samples was 36.5 ± 15.7%, 35.6 ± 13.8% and 37.4 ± 17.7%, respectively. The results support a significantly increased sensitivity to GCs in the morning hours compared with that in the evening in the general population (P < 0.001) as well as in males (P < 0.001) and in females (P < 0.001). No sex related differences in sensitivity to GCs were observed in the morning or in the evening hours. The sensitive and reproducible assay utilized in this study could also be used to investigate the sensitivity to GCs in various diseases characterized by resistance to GCs and/or alterations in glucocorticoid receptor function. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc."
}