@article{3031444,
    title = "Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment
and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201
population-representative studies with 104 million participants",
    author = "Zhou, Bin and Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M. and Danaei, Goodarz and Riley, and Leanne M. and Paciorek, Christopher J. and Stevens, Gretchen A. and and Gregg, Edward W. and Bennett, James E. and Solomon, Bethlehem and and Singleton, Rosie K. and Sophiea, Marisa K. and Iurilli, Maria L. C. and and Lhoste, Victor P. F. and Cowan, Melanie J. and Savin, Stefan and and Woodward, Mark and Balanova, Yulia and Cifkova, Renata and Damasceno, and Albertino and Elliott, Paul and Farzadfar, Farshad and He, Jiang and and Ikeda, Nayu and Kengne, Andre P. and Khang, Young-Ho and Kim, Hyeon and Chang and Laxmaiah, Avula and Lin, Hsien-Ho and Margozzini Maira, Paula and and Miranda, J. Jaime and Neuhauser, Hannelore and Sundstrom, Johan and and Varghese, Cherian and Widyahening, Indah S. and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and and Ezzati, Majid and Abarca-Gomez, Leandra and Abdeen, Ziad A. and Rahim, and Hanan F. Abdul and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M. and Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin and and Adams, Robert J. and Aekplakorn, Wichai and Afsana, Kaosar and and Afzal, Shoaib and Agdeppa, Imelda A. and Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad and and Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A. and Agyemang, Charles and Ahmad, Noor Ani and and Ahmadi, Ali and Ahmadi, Naser and Ahmadi, Nastaran and Ahmadizar, Fariba and and Ahmed, Soheir H. and Ahrens, Wolfgang and Ajlouni, Kamel and and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa and Alarouj, Monira and AlBuhairan, Fadia and and AlDhukair, Shahla and Ali, Mohamed M. and Alkandari, Abdullah and and Alkerwi, Ala'a and Allin, Kristine and Aly, Eman and Amarapurkar, Deepak and N. and Amougou, Norbert and Amouyel, Philippe and Andersen, Lars Bo and and Anderssen, Sigmund A. and Anjana, Ranjit Mohan and Ansari-Moghaddam, and Alireza and Ansong, Daniel and Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer and Araujo, Joana and and Ariansen, Inger and Aris, Tahir and Arku, Raphael E. and Arlappa, and Nimmathota and Aryal, Krishna K. and Aspelund, Thor and Assah, Felix K. and and Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F. and Auvinen, Juha and Avdicova, Maria and and Azevedo, Ana and Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen and Azizi, Fereidoun and Azmin, and Mehrdad and Babu, Bontha V. and Bahijri, Suhad and Balakrishna, Nagalla and and Balanova, Yulia and Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed and Banach, Maciej and and Banadinovic, Maja and Bandosz, Piotr and Banegas, Jose R. and Baran, and Joanna and Barbagallo, Carlo M. and Barcelo, Alberto and Barkat, Amina and and Barreto, Marta and Barros, Aluisio J. D. and Gomes Barros, Mauro and Virgilio and Bartosiewicz, Anna and Basit, Abdul and Bastos, Joao Luiz and D. and Bata, Iqbal and Batieha, Anwar M. and Batyrbek, Assembekov and and Baur, Louise A. and Beaglehole, Robert and Belavendra, Antonisamy and and Ben Romdhane, Habiba and Benet, Mikhail and Bennett, James E. and and Benson, Lowell S. and Berkinbayev, Salim and Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio and and Bettiol, Heloisa and Bezerra, Jorge and Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor and Bhargava, and Santosh K. and Bia, Daniel and Biasch, Katia and Lele, Elysee Claude and Bika and Bikbov, Mukharram M. and Bista, Bihungum and Bjerregaard, Peter and and Bjertness, Espen and Bjertness, Marius B. and Bjorkelund, Cecilia and and Bloch, Katia V. and Blokstra, Anneke and Bo, Simona and Bobak, and Martin and Boeing, Heiner and Boggia, Jose G. and Boissonnet, Carlos P. and and Bojesen, Stig E. and Bongard, Vanina and Bonilla-Vargas, Alice and and Bopp, Matthias and Borghs, Herman and Bovet, Pascal and Boyer, and Christopher B. and Braeckman, Lutgart and Brajkovich, Imperia and and Branca, Francesco and Breckenkamp, Juergen and Brenner, Hermann and and Brewster, Lizzy M. and Briceno, Yajaira and Brito, Miguel and Bruno, and Graziella and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas and Bueno, Gloria and Bugge, and Anna and Burns, Con and Bursztyn, Michael and Cabrera de Leon, Antonio and and Cacciottolo, Joseph and Cameron, Christine and Can, Gunay and and Candido, Ana Paula C. and Capanzana, Mario V. and Capkova, Nadezda and and Capuano, Eduardo and Capuano, Vincenzo and Cardoso, Viviane C. and and Carlsson, Axel C. and Carvalho, Joana and Casanueva, Felipe F. and and Censi, Laura and Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin and Chadjigeorgiou, and Charalambos A. and Chamukuttan, Snehalatha and Chan, Angelique W. and and Chan, Queenie and Chaturvedi, Himanshu K. and Chaturvedi, Nish and Chee, and Miao Li and Chen, Chien-Jen and Chen, Fangfang and Chen, Huashuai and and Chen, Shuohua and Chen, Zhengming and Cheng, Ching-Yu and Cheraghian, and Bahman and Dekkaki, Imane Cherkaoui and Chetrit, Angela and Chien, and Kuo-Liong and Chiolero, Arnaud and Chiou, Shu-Ti and Chirita-Emandi, and Adela and Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores and Cho, Belong and Christensen, and Kaare and Christofaro, Diego G. and Chudek, Jerzy and Cifkova, Renata and and Cinteza, Eliza and Claessens, Frank and Clarke, Janine and Clays, and Els and Cohen, Emmanuel and Concin, Hans and Cooper, Cyrus and and Coppinger, Tara C. and Costanzo, Simona and Cottel, Dominique and and Cowell, Chris and Craig, Cora L. and Crampin, Amelia C. and Crujeiras, and Ana B. and Cruz, Juan J. and Csilla, Semanova and Cui, Liufu and Cureau, and Felipe V. and Cuschieri, Sarah and D'Arrigo, Graziella and d'Orsi, and Eleonora and Dallongeville, Jean and Damasceno, Albertino and Danaei, and Goodarz and Dankner, Rachel and Dantoft, Thomas M. and Dauchet, Luc and and Davletov, Kairat and De Backer, Guy and De Bacquer, Dirk and De Curtis, and Amalia and de Gaetano, Giovanni and De Henauw, Stefaan and de Oliveira, and Paula Duarte and De Ridder, David and De Smedt, Delphine and Deepa, and Mohan and Deev, Alexander D. and DeGennaro, Vincent Jr and Delisle, and Helene and Demarest, Stefaan and Dennison, Elaine and Deschamps, Valerie and and Dhimal, Meghnath and Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F. and Dias-da-Costa, and Juvenal Soares and Diaz, Alejandro and Dickerson, Ty T. and Dika, Zivka and and Djalalinia, Shirin and Do, Ha T. P. and Dobson, Annette J. and and Donfrancesco, Chiara and Donoso, Silvana P. and Doering, Angela and and Dorobantu, Maria and Doerr, Marcus and Doua, Kouamelan and Dragano, Nico and and Drygas, Wojciech and Duante, Charmaine A. and Duboz, Priscilla and and Duda, Rosemary B. and Dulskiene, Virginija and Dushpanova, Anar and and Dzakula, Aleksandar and Dzerve, Vilnis and Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, and Elzbieta and Eddie, Ricky and Eftekhar, Ebrahim and Eggertsen, Robert and and Eghtesad, Sareh and Eiben, Gabriele and Ekelund, Ulf and El-Khateeb, and Mohammad and El Ati, Jalila and Eldemire-Shearer, Denise and Eliasen, and Marie and Elliott, Paul and Elosua, Roberto and Erasmus, Rajiv T. and and Erbel, Raimund and Erem, Cihangir and Eriksen, Louise and Eriksson, and Johan G. and Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge and Eslami, Saeid and Esmaeili, and Ali and Evans, Alun and Faeh, David and Fakhretdinova, Albina A. and and Fall, Caroline H. and Faramarzi, Elnaz and Farjam, Mojtaba and and Farzadfar, Farshad and Fattahi, Mohammad Reza and Fawwad, Asher and and Felix-Redondo, Francisco J. and Felix, Stephan B. and Ferguson, Trevor and S. and Fernandes, Romulo A. and Fernandez-Berges, Daniel and Ferrante, and Daniel and Ferrao, Thomas and Ferrari, Marika and Ferrario, Marco M. and and Ferreccio, Catterina and Ferreira, Haroldo S. and Ferrer, Eldridge and and Ferrieres, Jean and Figueiro, Thamara Hubler and Fink, Gunther and and Fischer, Krista and Foo, Leng Huat and Forsner, Maria and Fouad, Heba M. and and Francis, Damian K. and Franco, Maria do Carmo and Frikke-Schmidt, and Ruth and Frontera, Guillermo and Fuchs, Flavio D. and Fuchs, Sandra C. and and Fujita, Yuki and Fumihiko, Matsuda and Furdela, Viktoriya and Furer, and Ariel and Furusawa, Takuro and Gaciong, Zbigniew and Galbarczyk, Andrzej and and Galenkamp, Henrike and Galvano, Fabio and Gao, Jingli and Gao, Pei and and Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli and Garcia, Pablo and Gareta, Dickman and and Garnett, Sarah P. and Gaspoz, Jean-Michel and Gasull, Magda and and Gazzinelli, Andrea and Gehring, Ulrike and Geleijnse, Johanna M. and and George, Ronnie and Ghanbari, Ali and Ghasemi, Erfan and Gheorghe-Fronea, and Oana-Florentina and Ghimire, Anup and Gialluisi, Alessandro and and Giampaoli, Simona and Gieger, Christian and Gill, Tiffany K. and and Giovannelli, Jonathan and Gironella, Glen and Giwercman, Aleksander and and Gkiouras, Konstantinos and Goldberg, Marcel and Goldsmith, Rebecca A. and and Gomez, Luis F. and Gomula, Aleksandra and Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna and Goncalves and Goncalves, Helen and Goncalves, Mauer and Gonzalez-Chica, and David A. and Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela and Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P. and and Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio and Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena and and Gonzalez, Angel R. and Bonet Gorbea, Mariano and Gottrand, Frederic and and Graff-Iversen, Sidsel and Grafnetter, Dusan and Grajda, Aneta and and Grammatikopoulou, Maria G. and Gregor, Ronald D. and Grodzicki, Tomasz and and Grosso, Giuseppe and Gruden, Gabriella and Gu, Dongfeng and Guan, and Ong Peng and Gudmundsson, Elias F. and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Guerrero, and Ramiro and Guessous, Idris and Guimaraes, Andre L. and Gulliford, Martin and C. and Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna and Gunter, Marc J. and Gupta, Prakash and C. and Gupta, Rajeev and Gureje, Oye and Gurzkowska, Beata and and Gutierrez, Laura and Gutzwiller, Felix and Ha, Seongjun and Hadaegh, and Farzad and Haghshenas, Rosa and Hakimi, Hamid and Halkjaer, Jytte and and Hambleton, Ian R. and Hamzeh, Behrooz and Hange, Dominique and Hanif, and Abu A. M. and Hantunen, Sari and Hao, Jie and Hardman, Carla Meneses and and Kumar, Rachakulla Hari and Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad and Hata, Jun and and Haugsgjerd, Teresa and Hayes, Alison J. and He, Jiang and He, Yuna and and Heier, Margit and Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth and Henrique, Rafael and dos Santos and Henriques, Ana and Cadena, Leticia Hernandez and Herrala, and Sauli and Heshmat, Ramin and Hill, Allan G. and Ho, Sai Yin and Ho, and Suzanne C. and Hobbs, Michael and Holdsworth, Michelle and Homayounfar, and Reza and Dinc, Gonul Horasan and Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R. and Hormiga, and Claudia M. and Horta, Bernardo L. and Houti, Leila and Howitt, Christina and and Htay, Thein Thein and Htet, Aung Soe and Htike, Maung Maung Than and and Hu, Yonghua and Huerta, Jose Maria and Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani and and Huiart, Laetitia and Huisman, Martijn and Husseini, Abdullatif S. and and Huybrechts, Inge and Hwalla, Nahla and Iacoviello, Licia and Iannone, and Anna G. and Ibrahim, Mohsen M. and Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim and Ikeda, and Nayu and Ikram, M. Arfan and Iotova, Violeta and Irazola, Vilma E. and and Ishida, Takafumi and Isiguzo, Godsent C. and Islam, Muhammad and Islam, and Sheikh Mohammed Shariful and Iwasaki, Masanori and Jackson, Rod T. and and Jacobs, Jeremy M. and Jaddou, Hashem Y. and Jafar, Tazeen and James, and Kenneth and Jamrozik, Konrad and Janszky, Imre and Janus, Edward and and Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Jasienska, Grazyna and Jelakovic, Ana and and Jelakovic, Bojan and Jennings, Garry and Jha, Anjani Kumar and Jiang, and Chao Qiang and Jimenez, Ramon O. and Joeckel, Karl-Heinz and Joffres, and Michel and Johansson, Mattias and Jokelainen, Jari J. and Jonas, Jost B. and and Jorgensen, Torben and Joshi, Pradeep and Joukar, Farahnaz and and Jozwiak, Jacek and Juolevi, Anne and Jurak, Gregor and Juresa, Vesna and and Kaaks, Rudolf and Kafatos, Anthony and Kajantie, Eero O. and and Kalmatayeva, Zhanna and Kalpourtzi, Natasa and Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra and and Kampmann, Freja B. and Kannan, Srinivasan and Karaglani, Eva and and Karhus, Line L. and Karki, Khem B. and Katibeh, Marzieh and Katz, Joanne and and Kauhanen, Jussi and Kaur, Prabhdeep and Kavousi, Maryam and and Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M. and Keil, Ulrich and Boker, Lital Keinan and and Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka and Kelishadi, Roya and Kemper, Han C. G. and and Kengne, Andre P. and Keramati, Maryam and Kerimkulova, Alina and and Kersting, Mathilde and Key, Timothy and Khader, Yousef Saleh and and Khalili, Davood and Khang, Young-Ho and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Kheiri, and Bahareh and Kheradmand, Motahareh and Khosravi, Alireza and and Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula and Kiechl, Stefan and Killewo, Japhet and and Kim, Dong Wook and Kim, Hyeon Chang and Kim, Jeongseon and Klakk, Heidi and and Klimek, Magdalena and Klumbiene, Jurate and Knoflach, Michael and and Kolle, Elin and Kolsteren, Patrick and Kontto, Jukka P. and Korpelainen, and Raija and Korrovits, Paul and Kos, Jelena and Koskinen, Seppo and Kouda, and Katsuyasu and Kowlessur, Sudhir and Koziel, Slawomir and Kratenova, Jana and and Kriaucioniene, Vilma and Kristensen, Peter Lund and Krokstad, and Steiner and Kromhout, Daan and Kruger, Herculina S. and Kubinova, Ruzena and and Kuciene, Renata and Kujala, Urho M. and Kulaga, Zbigniew and Kumar, and R. Krishna and Kurjata, Pawel and Kusuma, Yadlapalli S. and Kutsenko, and Vladimir and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Kyobutungi, Catherine and Laatikainen, and Tiina and Lachat, Carl and Laid, Youcef and Lam, Tai Hing and Landrove, and Orlando and Lanska, Vera and Lappas, Georg and Larijani, Bagher and and Latt, Tint Swe and Laxmaiah, Avula and Le Coroller, Gwenaelle and Khanh and Le Nguyen Bao and Le, Tuyen D. and Lee, Jeannette and Lee, Jeonghee and and Lehmann, Nils and Lehtimaki, Terho and Lemogoum, Daniel and Levitt, and Naomi S. and Li, Yanping and Lilly, Christa L. and Lim, Wei-Yen and and Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda and Lin, Hsien-Ho and Lin, Xu and Lin, Yi-Ting and and Lind, Lars and Lingam, Vijaya and Linneberg, Allan and Lissner, and Lauren and Litwin, Mieczyslaw and Lo, Wei-Cheng and Loit, Helle-Mai and and Lopez-Garcia, Esther and Lopez, Tania and Lotufo, Paulo A. and Lozano, and Jose Eugenio and Lovrencic, Iva Lukacevic and Lukrafka, Janice L. and and Luksiene, Dalia and Lundqvist, Annamari and Lundqvist, Robert and Lunet, and Nuno and Lustigova, Michala and Luszczki, Edyta and Ma, Guansheng and and Ma, Jun and Machado-Coelho, George L. L. and Machado-Rodrigues, and Aristides M. and Macia, Enguerran and Macieira, Luisa M. and Madar, and Ahmed A. and Maggi, Stefania and Magliano, Dianna J. and Magriplis, and Emmanuella and Mahasampath, Gowri and Maire, Bernard and Majer, Marjeta and and Makdisse, Marcia and Malekzadeh, Fatemeh and Malekzadeh, Reza and and Malhotra, Rahul and Mallikharjuna, Kodavanti and Malyutina, Sofia K. and and Maniego, Lynell V. and Manios, Yannis and Mann, Jim I. and and Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz and Manzato, Enzo and Marcil, Anie and and Margozzini, Paula and Marild, Staffan B. and Glavic, Mihalea Marinovic and and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Marques, Larissa Pruner and Marrugat, Jaume and and Martorell, Reynaldo and Mascarenhas, Luis P. and Matasin, Marija and and Mathiesen, Ellisiv B. and Mathur, Prashant and Matijasevich, Alicia and and Matlosz, Piotr and Matsha, Tandi E. and Mavrogianni, Christina and and Mbanya, Jean Claude N. and Mc Donald Posso, Anselmo J. and McFarlane, and Shelly R. and McGarvey, Stephen T. and McLachlan, Stela and McLean, and Rachael M. and McLean, Scott B. and McNulty, Breige A. and Benchekor, and Sounnia Mediene and Medzioniene, Jurate and Mehdipour, Parinaz and and Mehlig, Kirsten and Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang and Meirhaeghe, Aline and and Meisinger, Christa and Mendoza Montano, Carlos and Menezes, Ana Maria B. and and Menon, Geetha R. and Mereke, Alibek and Meshram, Indrapal I. and and Metspalu, Andres and Meyer, Haakon E. and Mi, Jie and Michels, Nathalie and and Mikkel, Kairit and Milkowska, Karolina and Miller, Jody C. and and Minderico, Claudia S. and Mini, G. K. and Miranda, J. Jaime and and Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza and Mirrakhimov, Erkin and Misigoj-Durakovic, and Marjeta and Modesti, Pietro A. and Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi and Mohajer, and Bahram and Mohamed, Mostafa K. and Mohamed, Shukri F. and Mohammad, and Kazem and Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza and Mohammadi, Zahra and and Mohammadifard, Noushin and Mohammadpourhodki, Reza and Mohan, and Viswanathan and Mohanna, Salim and Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd and and Mohebbi, Iraj and Mohebi, Farnam and Moitry, Marie and Mollehave, Line and T. and Molnar, Denes and Momenan, Amirabbas and Mondo, Charles K. and and Monterrubio-Flores, Eric and Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K. and Moon, Jin and Soo and Moosazadeh, Mahmood and Moreira, Leila B. and Morejon, Alain and and Moreno, Luis A. and Morgan, Karen and Moschonis, George and Mossakowska, and Malgorzata and Mostafa, Aya and Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali and Mota, Jorge and and Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel and Motta, Jorge and Andre Moura-dos-Santos, and Marcos and Mridha, Malay K. and Msyamboza, Kelias P. and Mu, Thet Thet and and Muhihi, Alfa J. and Muiesan, Maria L. and Muller-Nurasyid, Martina and and Murphy, Neil and Mursu, Jaakko and Musa, Kamarul Imran and and Milanovic, Sanja Music and Musil, Vera and Mustafa, Norlaila and and Nabipour, Iraj and Naderimagham, Shohreh and Nagel, Gabriele and Naidu, and Balkish M. and Najafi, Farid and Nakamura, Harunobu and Namesna, Jana and and Nang, Ei Ei K. and Nangia, Vinay B. and Narake, Sameer and Ndiaye, and Ndeye Coumba and Neal, William A. and Nejatizadeh, Azim and Nenko, Ilona and and Neovius, Martin and Neuhauser, Hannelore K. and Nguyen, Chung T. and and Nguyen, Nguyen D. and Nguyen, Quang V. and Quang Ngoc Nguyen and and Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E. and Niiranen, Teemu J. and Nikitin, Yury P. and and Ninomiya, Toshiharu and Nishtar, Sania and Njelekela, Marina A. and and Noale, Marianna and Noboa, Oscar A. and Noorbala, Ahmad Ali and Norat, and Teresa and Nordendahl, Maria and Nordestgaard, Borge G. and Noto, Davide and and Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia and Al Nsour, Mohannad and Nunes, and Baltazar and O'Neill, Terence W. and O'Reilly, Dermot and Ochimana, and Caleb and Oda, Eiji and Odili, Augustine N. and Oh, Kyungwon and Ohara, and Kumiko and Ohtsuka, Ryutaro and Olie, Valerie and Olinto, Maria Teresa and A. and Oliveira, Isabel O. and Omar, Mohd Azahadi and Onat, Altan and and Ong, Sok King and Ono, Lariane M. and Ordunez, Pedro and Ornelas, Rui and and Ortiz, Pedro J. and Osmond, Clive and Ostojic, Sergej M. and and Ostovar, Afshin and Otero, Johanna A. and Overvad, Kim and Owusu-Dabo, and Ellis and Paccaud, Fred Michel and Padez, Cristina and Pahomova, Elena and and de Paiva, Karina Mary and Pajak, Andrzej and Palli, Domenico and and Palmieri, Luigi and Pan, Wen-Harn and Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra and and Panza, Francesco and Paoli, Mariela and Papandreou, Dimitrios and Park, and Soon-Woo and Park, Suyeon and Parnell, Winsome R. and Parsaeian, and Mahboubeh and Pasquet, Patrick and Patel, Nikhil D. and Pavlyshyn, and Halyna and Pecin, Ivan and Pednekar, Mangesh S. and Pedro, Joao M. and and Peer, Nasheeta and Peixoto, Sergio Viana and Peltonen, Markku and and Pereira, Alexandre C. and Peres, Karen G. D. A. and Peres, Marco A. and and Peters, Annette and Petkeviciene, Janina and Peykari, Niloofar and Son and Thai Pham and Pichardo, Rafael N. and Pigeot, Iris and Pikhart, Hynek and and Pilav, Aida and Pilotto, Lorenza and Pitakaka, Freda and Piwonska, and Aleksandra and Pizarro, Andreia N. and Plans-Rubio, Pedro and Polasek, and Ozren and Porta, Miquel and Poudyal, Anil and Pourfarzi, Farhad and and Pourshams, Akram and Poustchi, Hossein and Pradeepa, Rajendra and Price, and Alison J. and Price, Jacqueline F. and Providencia, Rui and Puhakka, and Soile E. and Puiu, Maria and Punab, Margus and Qasrawi, Radwan F. and and Qorbani, Mostafa and Queiroz, Daniel and Tran Quoc Bao and Radic, Ivana and and Radisauskas, Ricardas and Rahimikazerooni, Salar and Rahman, and Mahfuzar and Raitakari, Olli and Raj, Manu and Rakhimova, Ellina M. and and Rao, Sudha Ramachandra and Ramachandran, Ambady and Ramos, Elisabete and and Rampal, Lekhraj and Rampal, Sanjay and Rangel Reina, Daniel A. and and Rarra, Vayia and Rech, Cassiano Ricardo and Redon, Josep and Reganit, and Paul Ferdinand M. and Regecova, Valeria and Revilla, Luis and and Rezaianzadeh, Abbas and Ribeiro, Robespierre and Riboli, Elio and and Richter, Adrian and Rigo, Fernando and de Wit, Tobias F. Rinke and and Ritti-Dias, Raphael M. and Robitaille, Cynthia and Rodriguez-Artalejo, and Fernando and del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Maria and Rodriguez-Villamizar, and Laura A. and Roggenbuck, Ulla and Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba and Romaguera, and Dora and Romeo, Elisabetta L. and Rosengren, Annika and Roy, Joel G. R. and and Rubinstein, Adolfo and Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard and Sandra and Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca and Ruiz-Castell, Maria and Rusakova, Iuliia A. and and Russo, Paola and Rutkowski, Marcin and Sabanayagam, Charumathi and and Sabbaghi, Hamideh and Sachdev, Harshpal S. and Sadjadi, Alireza and and Safarpour, Ali Reza and Safi, Sare and Safiri, Saeid and Saidi, Olfa and and Sakarya, Sibel and Saki, Nader and Salanave, Benoit and Salazar and Martinez, Eduardo and Salmeron, Diego and Salomaa, Veikko and Salonen, and Jukka T. and Salvetti, Massimo and Sanchez-Abanto, Jose and Sans, Susana and and Santos, Diana A. and Santos, Ina S. and Santos, Lelita C. and and Santos, Maria Paula and Santos, Rute and Saramies, Jouko L. and and Sardinha, Luis B. and Sarganas, Giselle and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal and and Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu and Saum, Kai-Uwe and Savva, Savvas and and Sawada, Norie and Sbaraini, Mariana and Scazufca, Marcia and Schaan, and Beatriz D. and Schargrodsky, Herman and Schipf, Sabine and Schmidt, and Carsten O. and Schnohr, Peter and Schoettker, Ben and Schramm, Sara and and Schultsz, Constance and Schutte, Aletta E. and Sebert, Sylvain and Sein, and Aye Aye and Sen, Abhijit and Senbanjo, Idowu O. and Sepanlou, Sadaf G. and and Servais, Jennifer and Shalnova, Svetlana A. and Shamah-Levy, Teresa and and Shamshirgaran, Morteza and Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam and and Sharafkhah, Maryam and Sharma, Sanjib K. and Shaw, Jonathan E. and and Shayanrad, Amaneh and Shayesteh, Ali Akbar and Shi, Zumin and Shibuya, and Kenji and Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana and Shin, Dong Wook and Shirani, Majid and and Shiri, Rahman and Shrestha, Namuna and Si-Ramlee, Khairil and Siani, and Alfonso and Siantar, Rosalynn and Sibai, Abla M. and de Moura Silva, and Caroline Ramos and Santos Silva, Diego Augusto and Simon, Mary and and Simons, Judith and Simons, Leon A. and Sjostrom, Michael and and Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta and Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw and Smeeth, Liam and and So, Hung-Kwan and Soares, Fernanda Cunha and Sobngwi, Eugene and and Soderberg, Stefan and Soemantri, Agustinus and Sofat, Reecha and and Solfrizzi, Vincenzo and Somi, Mohammad Hossein and Sonestedt, Emily and and Song, Yi and Sorensen, Thorkild I. A. and Sorgjerd, Elin P. and Soric, and Maroje and Jerome, Charles Sossa and Soumare, Aicha and Sparboe-Nilsen, and Bente and Sparrenberger, Karen and Staessen, Jan A. and Starc, Gregor and and Stavreski, Bill and Steene-Johannessen, Jostein and Stehle, Peter and and Stein, Aryeh D. and Stergiou, George S. and Stessman, Jochanan and and Stieber, Jutta and Stoeckl, Doris and Stocks, Tanja and Stokwiszewski, and Jakub and Stronks, Karien and Strufaldi, Maria Wany and Suka, Machi and and Sun, Chien-An and Sundstrom, Johan and Sung, Yn-Tz and Suriyawongpaisal, and Paibul and Sy, Rody G. and Syddall, Holly E. and Sylva, Rene Charles and and Szklo, Moyses and Tai, E. Shyong and Tammesoo, Mari-Liis and Tamosiunas, and Abdonas and Tan, Eng Joo and Tang, Xun and Tanser, Frank and Tao, Yong and and Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul and Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B. and Taylor, and Anne and Taylor, Julie and Tebar, William R. and Tell, Grethe S. and and Tello, Tania and Tham, Yih Chung and Thankappan, K. R. and Theobald, and Holger and Theodoridis, Xenophon and Thijs, Lutgarde and Thinggaard, and Mikael and Thomas, Nihal and Thorand, Barbara and Thuesen, Betina H. and and Timmermans, Erik J. and Tjandrarini, Dwi H. and Tjonneland, Anne and and Toft, Ulla and Tolonen, Hanna K. and Tolstrup, Janne S. and Topbas, and Murat and Topor-Madry, Roman and Jose Tormo, Maria and Tornaritis, and Michael J. and Torrent, Maties and Torres-Collado, Laura and Touloumi, and Giota and Traissac, Pierre and Triantafyllou, Areti and Trichopoulos, and Dimitrios and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Trinh, Oanh T. H. and Trivedi, and Atul and Tshepo, Lechaba and Tsugane, Shoichiro and Tuliakova, Azaliia and M. and Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K. and Tullu, Fikru and Tuomainen, and Tomi-Pekka and Tuomilehto, Jaakko and Turley, Maria L. and Twig, Gilad and and Tynelius, Per and Tzourio, Christophe and Ueda, Peter and Ugel, and Eunice and Ulmer, Hanno and Uusitalo, Hannu M. T. and Valdivia, Gonzalo and and Valvi, Damaskini and van Dam, Rob M. and van den Born, Bert-Jan and and Van der Heyden, Johan and van der Schouw, Yvonne T. and Van Herck, Koen and and Hoang Van Minh and Van Schoor, Natasja M. and van Valkengoed, Irene and G. M. and van Zutphen, Elisabeth M. and Vanderschueren, Dirk and and Vanuzzo, Diego and Varbo, Anette and Vasan, Senthil K. and Vega, Tomas and and Veidebaum, Toomas and Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo and Veronesi, and Giovanni and Verschuren, W. M. Monique and Verstraeten, Roosmarijn and and Victora, Cesar G. and Viet, Lucie and Villalpando, Salvador and Vineis, and Paolo and Vioque, Jesus and Virtanen, Jyrki K. and Visvikis-Siest, and Sophie and Viswanathan, Bharathi and Vlasoff, Tiina and Vollenweider, and Peter and Voutilainen, Ari and Wade, Alisha N. and Walton, Janette and and Wambiya, Elvis O. A. and Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan and Mohamud, Wan and Nazaimoon Wan and Wanderley Junior, Rildo de Souza and Wang, Ming-Dong and and Wang, Ningli and Wang, Qian and Wang, Xiangjun and Wang, Ya Xing and and Wang, Ying-Wei and Wannamethee, S. Goya and Wareham, Nicholas and Wei, and Wenbin and Weres, Aneta and Werner, Bo and Whincup, Peter H. and and Widhalm, Kurt and Widyahening, Indah S. and Wiecek, Andrzej and Wilks, and Rainford J. and Willeit, Johann and Willeit, Peter and Williams, and Emmanuel A. and Wilsgaard, Tom and Wojtyniak, Bogdan and Wong-McClure, and Roy A. and Wong, Andrew and Wong, Tien Yin and Woo, Jean and Woodward, and Mark and Wu, Frederick C. and Wu, Shouling and Wyszynska, Justyna and and Xu, Haiquan and Xu, Liang and Yaacob, Nor Azwany and Yan, Weili and and Yang, Ling and Yang, Xiaoguang and Yang, Yang and Yasuharu, Tabara and and Ye, Xingwang and Yiallouros, Panayiotis K. and Yoosefi, Moein and and Yoshihara, Akihiro and You, San-Lin and Younger-Coleman, Novie O. and and Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi and Zainuddin, Ahmad A. and Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul and and Zamani, Farhad and Zambon, Sabina and Zampelas, Antonis and Elisa and Zapata, Maria and Zaw, Ko Ko and Zdrojewski, Tomasz and Zejglicova, and Kristyna and Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic and Zeng, Yi and Zhang, Luxia and and Zhang, Zhen-Yu and Zhao, Dong and Zhao, Ming-Hui and Zhen, Shiqi and and Zheng, Yingfeng and Zholdin, Bekbolat and Zhu, Dan and Zins, Marie and and Zitt, Emanuel and Zocalo, Yanina and Zoghlami, Nada and Zuniga Cisneros, and Julio and NCD Risk Factor Collaboration",
    journal = "The Lancet Neurology",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "398",
    number = "10304",
    pages = "957-980",
    publisher = "EXCERPTA MEDICA INC-ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC",
    doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1",
    abstract = "Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level
and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed
to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection,
treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and
territories.
Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from
population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and
data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having
systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure
90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a
Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension
and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous
diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension
(treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg
(control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and
to vary by age.
Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled
from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million
women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million
women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global
age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension
prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in
Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe
including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several
low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh,
Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed
50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central
and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally,
59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported
a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women
and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with
hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for
men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea,
Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the
USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were
less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia,
and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were
below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some
countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe.
Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990,
but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and
Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central
Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries
including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile,
Turkey, and Iran.
Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of
hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some
middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The
dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary
prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not
only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income
settings. Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee
Elsevier."
}