@article{3032129,
    title = "Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment
strategy",
    author = "Koustas, Evangelos and Trifylli, Eleni-Myrto and Sarantis, Panagiotis and and Papavassiliou, Athanasios G. and Karamouzis, V, Michalis",
    journal = "WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL ONCOLOGY",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "13",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1229-1243",
    publisher = "BAISHIDENG PUBLISHING GROUP INC",
    doi = "10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1229",
    keywords = "Autophagy; Autophagy modulators; Chemotherapy; Cholangiocarcinoma",
    abstract = "Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are diverse biliary epithelial tumours
involving the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal parts of the biliary
tree. The three entirely variable entities have distinct epidemiology,
molecular characteristics, prognosis and strategy for clinical
management. However, many cholangiocarcinoma tumor-cells appear to be
resistant to current chemotherapeutic agents. The role of autophagy and
the therapeutic value of autophagy-based therapy are largely unknown in
CCA. The multistep nature of autophagy offers a plethora of regulation
points, which are prone to be deregulated and cause different human
diseases, including cancer. However, it offers multiple targetable
points for designing novel therapeutic strategies. Tumor cells have
evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism for survival under
stressful conditions such as energy imbalance and hypoxic region of
tumors within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase
invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy. The purpose of this review
is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between
autophagy and cholangiocarcinogenesis, together with some preclinical
studies with agents that modulate autophagy in order to induce tumor
cell death. Altogether, a combinatorial strategy, which comprises the
current anti-cancer agents and autophagy modulators, would represent a
positive CCA patient approach."
}