@article{3033729,
    title = "Radiological Assessment of Giant Cell Tumour of Bone in the Sacrum: From
Diagnosis to Treatment Response Evaluation",
    author = "van Langevelde, Kirsten and van Vucht, Niels and Tsukamoto, Shinji and and Mavrogenis, Andreas F. and Errani, Costantino",
    journal = "Current Medical Imaging Reviews",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "18",
    number = "2",
    pages = "162-169",
    publisher = "BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD",
    issn = "1573-4056",
    doi = "10.2174/1573405617666210406121006",
    keywords = "Giant cell tumour of bone; MRI; X-ray; imaging; response assessment;
recurrence; sacrum; spine",
    abstract = "Giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) typically occurs in young adults from
20-40 years old. Although the majority of lesions are located in the
epi-metaphyses of the long bones, approximately one third of tumours are
located in the axial skeleton, of which only 4% in the sacrum. Sacral
tumours tend to be large at the time of presentation, and they present
with aggressive features such as marked cortical destruction and an
associated soft tissue component. The 2020 World Health Organisation
classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours describes GCTB as a
neoplasm which is locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing. The
tumour contains three different cell types: neoplastic mononuclear
stromal cells, macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. Two tumour
subtypes were defined: conventional GCTB and malignant GCTB. Only 1-4%
of GCTB is malignant. In this review article, we will discuss imaging
findings at the time of diagnosis to guide the musculoskeletal
radiologist in reporting these tumours. In addition, imaging for
response evaluation after various treatment options will be addressed,
such as surgery, radiotherapy, embolization and denosumab. Specific
findings will be presented per imaging modality and illustrated by cases
from our tertiary sarcoma referral center. Common postoperative and
post-radiotherapy findings in GCTB of the sacrum on MRI will be
discussed."
}