@article{3036056,
    title = "Computational modeling as part of alternative testing strategies in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems: Inhaled nanoparticle dose modeling based on representative aerosol measurements and corresponding toxicological analysis",
    author = "Pilou, M. and Mavrofrydi, O. and Housiadas, C. and Eleftheriadis, K. and Papazafiri, P.",
    journal = "Nanotoxicology",
    year = "2015",
    volume = "9",
    number = "S1",
    pages = "106-115",
    publisher = "Informa Healthcare",
    issn = "1743-5390, 1743-5404",
    doi = "10.3109/17435390.2013.861527",
    keywords = "nanoparticle;  aerosol;  nanoparticle, aerosol;  cardiovascular system;  computational fluid dynamics;  human;  inhalation;  lung characteristics and functions;  lung clearance;  lung deposition;  lung parenchyma;  lung transport;  magnetic field;  nanochemistry;  nanotoxicology;  particle size;  priority journal;  respiratory system;  respiratory tract parameters;  Review;  risk assessment;  suspension;  toxic inhalation;  toxicity testing;  aerosol;  biological model;  cardiovascular system;  computer simulation;  exposure;  metabolism;  respiratory system;  toxicity, Aerosols;  Cardiovascular System;  Computer Simulation;  Humans;  Inhalation Exposure;  Models, Biological;  Nanoparticles;  Respiratory System",
    abstract = "The objectives of modeling in this work were (a) the integration of two existing numerical models in order to connect external exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) with internal dose through inhalation, and (b) to use computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) to analyze the behavior of NPs in the respiratory and the cardiovascular system. Regarding the first objective, a lung transport and deposition model was combined with a lung clearance/retention model to estimate NPs dose in the different regions of the human respiratory tract and some adjacent tissues. On the other hand, CFPD was used to estimate particle transport and deposition of particles in a physiologically based bifurcation created by the third and fourth lung generations (respiratory system), as well as to predict the fate of super-paramagnetic particles suspended in a liquid under the influence of an external magnetic field (cardiovascular system). All the above studies showed that, with proper refinement, the developed computational models and methodologies may serve as an alternative testing strategy, replacing transport/deposition experiments that are expensive both in time and resources and contribute to risk assessment. © 2013 Informa UK Ltd. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted."
}