@article{3036641,
    title = "Ultralow noise, broadband phase-sensitive optical amplifiers, and their applications",
    author = "Tong, Z. and Lundstrm, C. and Andrekson, P.A. and Karlsson, M. and Bogris, A.",
    journal = "IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "18",
    number = "2",
    pages = "1016-1032",
    issn = "1077-260X, 1558-4542",
    doi = "10.1109/JSTQE.2011.2136330",
    keywords = "Broadband gain;  Linear amplification;  Multi-channel;  Noise performance;  Noise-squeezing;  Phase dependent;  Phase regeneration;  Phase-sensitive;  Phase-sensitive amplifiers;  Potential applications, Amplification;  Light amplifiers;  Noise figure;  Optical communication;  Optical switches, Broadband amplifiers",
    abstract = "Frequency nondegenerate phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have the potential to realize broadband and noiseless amplification. However, the rigorous requirement of phase-and wavelength-locking of the input waves has significantly hampered their progress. In this paper, we review recent research on this type of optical amplifier. This work is based on a copier-PSA scheme, which consists of a parametric phase-insensitive copier followed by one or more PSAs. Broadband gain and noise performance of a fiber-based nondegenerate PSA has been characterized, both theoretically and experimentally. A record-low 1.1 dB noise figure was measured at >26 dB gain, and a clear phase dependent gain was observed. Moreover, potential applications including phase noise squeezing and ultralow noise, multichannel and modulation-format-transparent linear amplification with up to 6dB link noise figure advantage over conventional EDFA-amplified links have been experimentally demonstrated. The prospects and practical challenges of this intriguing amplification technology are also discussed. © 2011 IEEE."
}