@article{3037321,
    title = "On the Typology, Costs, Energy Performance, Environmental Quality and Operational Characteristics of Double Skin Façades in European Buildings",
    author = "Streicher, W. and Heimrath, R. and Hengsberger, H. and Mach, T. and Waldner, R. and Flamant, G. and Loncour, X. and Guarracino, G. and Erhorn, H. and Erhorn-Kluttig, H. and Santamouris, M. and Farou, I. and Zerefos, S. and Assimakopoulos, M. and Duarte, R. and Blomsterberg, Å. and Sjöberg, L. and Blomquist, C.",
    journal = "Advances in Building Energy Research",
    year = "2007",
    volume = "1",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-28",
    issn = "1751-2549, 1756-2201",
    doi = "10.1080/17512549.2007.9687267",
    abstract = "The project BESTFAÇADE, sponsored by the Energy Intelligent Europe programme of the European Union, and led by MCE-Anlagenbau, Austria, accumulated the state of the art of double skin façades (DSFs) in seven European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Portugal and Sweden). Twenty-eight façades of different buildings in all partner countries of BESTFAÇADE have been analysed for the aspects, types of façade in different countries, DSFs in different climatic regions of Europe, existing simulations and measurements, thermal behaviour, indoor air quality, comfort, user acceptance, energy demand and consumptions, control strategies, integrated building technology, cost (investment, maintenance and operation), resource conservation, environmental impact, comparison to conventional glass façades (CGFs), integration of renewable energy sources into DSFs, as well as non-energy related issues, such as, acoustics, aesthetics, fire protection, moisture, corrosion, durability, maintenance and repair. Most of the buildings are office buildings, followed by schools and service buildings. Nearly all of the buildings have mechanical ventilation systems, and both heating and cooling are performed mostly by air heating/cooling systems. The types of façades are mainly multi-storey and corridor types; in Belgium juxtaposed modules are frequently used. The façade gaps are mostly naturally ventilated (except for Belgium, where the indoor air is led by mechanical ventilation via the gap to the centralized air handling unit). The shading is performed mainly with Venetian blinds located in the gap. Unfortunately data on energy demand and temperatures are infrequently measured and rarely available. The cost of DSFs is significantly higher than conventional façades. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
}