@article{3050795,
    title = "Time-series analysis of air pollution and cause-specific mortality",
    author = "Zmirou, D and Schwartz, J and Saez, M and Zanobetti, A and Wojtyniak, B and and Touloumi, G and Spix, C and de Leon, AP and Le Moullec, Y and and Bacharova, L and Schouten, J and Ponka, A and Katsouyanni, K",
    journal = "Epidemiology Monitor",
    year = "1998",
    volume = "9",
    number = "5",
    pages = "495-503",
    publisher = "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins",
    doi = "10.1097/00001648-199809000-00005",
    keywords = "air pollution; respiratory and cardiovascular mortality; meta-analysis",
    abstract = "Ten large European cities provided data on daily air pollution as well
as mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. We used
Poisson autoregressive models that controlled for trend, season,
influenza epidemics, and meteorologic influences to assess the
short-term effects of air pollution at each city. We then compared and
pooled the city-specific results in a mete-analysis. The pooled relative
risks of daily deaths from cardiovascular conditions were 1.02 [95%
confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1. 04] for a 50 mu g/m(3) increment in
the concentration of black smoke and 1.04 (95% CI = 1.01-1.06) for an
increase in sulfur dioxide levels in western European cities. For
respiratory diseases, these figures were 1.04 (95% CI = 1.02-1.07) and
1.05 (95% CI = 1.03-1.07), respectively. These associations were not
found in the five central European cities. Eight-hour averages of ozone
were also moderately associated with daily mortality in western European
cities (relative risk = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.00-1.03 for cardiovascular
conditions and relative risk = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02-1.10 for respiratory
conditions). Nitrogen dioxide did not show consistent relations with
daily mortality. These results are similar to previously published data
and add credence to the causal interpretation of these associations at
levels of air pollution close to or lower than current European
standards."
}