@article{3051604,
    title = "The scale dependence of the hadron multiplicity in quark and gluon jets
and a precise determination of C(A)/C(F)",
    author = "Abreu, P and Abreu, P and Adam, W and Adye, T and Adzic, P and Ajinenko, and I and Albrecht, Z and Alderweireld, T and Alekseev, GD and Alemany, R and and Allmendinger, T and Allport, PP and Almehed, S and Amaldi, U and and Amato, S and Anassontzis, EG and Andersson, P and Andreazza, A and and Andringa, S and Antilogus, P and Apel, WD and Arnoud, Y and Asman, B and and Augustin, JE and Augustinus, A and Baillon, P and Bambade, P and Barao, and F and Barbiellini, G and Barbier, R and Bardin, DY and Barker, G and and Baroncelli, A and Battaglia, M and Baubillier, M and Becks, KH and and Begalli, M and Beilliere, P and Belokopytov, Y and Benvenuti, AC and and Berat, C and Berggren, M and Bertini, D and Bertrand, D and Besancon, M and and Bianchi, F and Bigi, M and Bilenky, MS and Bizouard, MA and Bloch, D and and Blom, HM and Bonesini, M and Bonivento, W and Boonekamp, M and and Booth, PSL and Borgland, AW and Borisov, G and Bosio, C and Botner, O and and Boudinov, E and Bouquet, B and Bourdarios, C and Bowcock, TJV and and Boyko, I and Bozovic, I and Bozzo, M and Branchini, P and Brenke, T and and Brenner, RA and Bruckman, P and Brunet, JM and Bugge, L and Buran, T and and Burgsmueller, T and Buschmann, P and Cabrera, S and Caccia, M and Calvi, and M and Rozas, AJC and Camporesi, T and Canale, V and Carena, F and and Carroll, L and Caso, C and Gimenez, MVC and Cattai, A and Cavallo, FR and and Chabaud, V and Charpentier, P and Chaussard, L and Checchia, P and and Chelkov, GA and Chierici, R and Chliapnikov, P and Chochula, P and and Chorowicz, V and Chudoba, J and Collins, P and Contri, R and Cortina, E and and Cosme, G and Cossutti, F and Cowell, JH and Crawley, HB and and Crennell, D and Crepe, S and Crosetti, G and Maestro, JC and Czellar, S and and Damgaard, G and Davenport, M and Da Silva, W and Deghorain, A and and Della Ricca, G and Delpierre, P and Demaria, N and De Angelis, A and De and Boer, W and De Brabandere, S and De Clercq, C and De Lotto, B and De and Min, A and De Paula, L and Dijkstra, H and Di Ciaccio, L and Dolbeau, J and and Doroba, K and Dracos, M and Drees, J and Dris, M and Duperrin, A and and Durand, JD and Eigen, G and Ekelof, T and Ekspong, G and Ellert, M and and Elsing, M and Engel, JP and Erzen, B and Santo, ME and Falk, E and and Fanourakis, G and Fassouliotis, D and Fayot, J and Feindt, M and and Ferrari, P and Ferrer, A and Ferrer-Ribas, E and Fichet, S and and Firestone, A and Flagmeyer, U and Foeth, H and Fokitis, E and and Fontanelli, F and Franek, B and Frodesen, AG and Fruhwirth, R and and Fulda-Quenzer, F and Fuster, J and Galloni, A and Gamba, D and Gamblin, and S and Gandelman, M and Garcia, C and Garcia, J and Gaspar, C and Gaspar, and M and Gasparini, U and Gavillet, P and Gazis, EN and Gele, D and and Gerdyukov, L and Ghodbane, N and Gil, I and Glege, F and Gokieli, R and and Golob, B and Gomez-Ceballos, G and Goncalves, P and Caballero, IG and and Gopal, G and Gorn, L and Gorski, M and Gouz, Y and Gracco, V and Grahl, and J and Graziani, E and Green, C and Grimm, HJ and Gris, P and Grosdidier, and G and Grzelak, K and Gunther, M and Guy, J and Hahn, F and Hahn, S and and Haider, S and Hallgren, A and Hamacher, K and Hansen, J and Harris, FJ and and Hedberg, V and Heising, S and Hernandez, JJ and Herquet, P and Herr, and H and Hessing, TL and Heuser, JM and Higon, E and Holmgren, SO and Holt, and PJ and Hoorelbeke, S and Houlden, M and Hrubec, J and Huet, K and and Hughes, GJ and Hultqvist, K and Jackson, JN and Jacobsson, R and and Jalocha, P and Janik, R and Jarlskog, C and Jarlskog, G and Jarry, P and and Jean-Marie, B and Johansson, EK and Jonsson, P and Joram, C and Juillot, and P and Kapusta, F and Karafasoulis, K and Katsanevas, S and Katsoufis, EC and and Keranen, R and Kersevan, BP and Khomenko, BA and Khovanski, NN and and Kiiskinen, A and King, B and Kinvig, A and Kjaer, NJ and Klapp, O and and Klein, H and Kluit, P and Kokkinias, P and Koratzinos, M and and Kostioukhine, V and Kourkoumelis, C and Kouznetsov, O and Krammer, M and and Kriznic, E and Krstic, J and Krumstein, Z and Kubinec, P and Kucewicz, W and and Kurowska, J and Kurvinen, K and Lamsa, JW and Lane, DW and and Langefeld, P and Lapin, V and Laugier, JP and Lauhakangas, R and Leder, and G and Ledroit, F and Lefebure, V and Leinonen, L and Leisos, A and and Leitner, R and Lemonne, J and Lenzen, G and Lepeltier, V and Lesiak, T and and Lethuillier, M and Libby, J and Liko, D and Lipniacka, A and Lippi, and I and Loerstad, B and Loken, JG and Lopes, JH and Lopez, JM and and Lopez-Fernandez, R and Loukas, D and Lutz, P and Lyons, L and and MacNaughton, J and Mahon, JR and Maio, A and Malek, A and Malmgren, TGM and and Malychev, V and Mandl, F and Marco, J and Marco, R and Marechal, B and and Margoni, M and Marin, JC and Mariotti, C and Markou, A and and Martinez-Rivero, C and Martinez-Vidal, F and Garcia, SMI and Masik, J and and Mastroyiannopoulos, N and Matorras, F and Matteuzzi, C and Matthiae, and G and Mazzucato, F and Mazzucato, M and Mc Cubbin, M and Mc Kay, R and and Mc Nulty, R and Mc Pherson, G and Meroni, C and Meyer, WT and Miagkov, A and and Migliore, E and Mirabito, L and Mitaroff, WA and Mjoernmark, U and and Moa, T and Moch, M and Moeller, R and Moenig, K and Monge, MR and and Moreau, X and Morettini, P and Morton, G and Mueller, U and Muenich, K and and Mulders, M and Mulet-Marquis, C and Muresan, R and Murray, WJ and and Muryn, B and Myatt, G and Myklebust, T and Naraghi, F and Navarria, FL and and Navas, S and Nawrocki, K and Negri, P and Nemecek, S and Neufeld, N and and Neumeister, N and Nicolaidou, R and Nielsen, BS and Nikolenko, M and and Nomokonov, V and Normand, A and Nygren, A and Obraztsov, V and and Olshevski, AG and Onofre, A and Orava, R and Orazi, G and Osterberg, K and and Ouraou, A and Paganoni, M and Paiano, S and Pain, R and Paiva, R and and Palacios, J and Palka, H and Papadopoulou, TD and Papageorgiou, K and and Pape, L and Parkes, C and Parodi, F and Parzefall, U and Passeri, A and and Passon, O and Pegoraro, M and Peralta, L and Perrotta, A and Petridou, C and and Petrolini, A and Phillips, HT and Pierre, F and Pimenta, M and and Piotto, E and Podobnik, T and Pol, ME and Polok, G and Poropat, P and and Pozdniakov, V and Privitera, P and Pukhaeva, N and Pullia, A and and Radojicic, D and Ragazzi, S and Rahmani, H and Rakoczy, D and Ratoff, PN and and Read, AL and Rebecchi, P and Redaelli, NG and Regler, M and Reid, D and and Reinhardt, R and Renton, PB and Resvanis, LK and Richard, F and and Ridky, J and Rinaudo, G and Rohne, O and Romero, A and Ronchese, P and and Rosenberg, EI and Rosinsky, P and Roudeau, P and Rovelli, T and Royon, C and and Ruhlmann-Kleider, V and Ruiz, A and Saarikko, H and Sacquin, Y and and Sadovsky, A and Sajot, G and Salt, J and Sampsonidis, D and Sannino, M and and Schneider, H and Schwemling, P and Schwickerath, U and Schyns, MAE and and Scuri, F and Seager, P and Sedykh, Y and Segar, AM and Sekulin, R and and Shellard, RC and Sheridan, A and Siebel, M and Simard, L and and Simonetto, F and Sisakian, AN and Smadja, G and Smirnova, O and Smith, and GR and Sokolov, A and Solovianov, O and Sopczak, A and Sosnowski, R and and Spassov, T and Spiriti, E and Sponholz, P and Squarcia, S and Stampfer, and D and Stanescu, C and Stanic, S and Stevenson, K and Stocchi, A and and Strauss, J and Strub, R and Stugu, B and Szczekowski, M and Szeptycka, M and and Tabarelli, T and Tegenfeldt, F and Terranova, F and Thomas, J and and Timmermans, J and Tinti, N and Tkatchev, LG and Todorova, S and Tome, B and and Tonazzo, A and Tortora, L and Transtromer, G and Treille, D and and Tristram, G and Trochimczuk, M and Troncon, C and Tsirou, A and Turluer, and ML and Tyapkin, IA and Tzamarias, S and Ueberschaer, B and Ullaland, O and and Uvarov, V and Valenti, G and Vallazza, E and Van Apeldoorn, GW and and Van Dam, P and Van Eldik, J and Van Lysebetten, A and Van Vulpen, I and and Vassilopoulos, N and Vegni, G and Ventura, L and Venus, W and Verbeure, and F and Verlato, M and Vertogradov, LS and Verzi, V and Vilanova, D and and Vitale, L and Vlasov, E and Vodopyanov, AS and Vollmer, C and Voulgaris, and G and Vrba, V and Wahlen, H and Walck, C and Weiser, C and Wicke, D and and Wickens, JH and Wilkinson, GR and Winter, M and Witek, M and Wolf, G and and Yi, J and Yushchenko, O and Zalewska, A and Zalewski, P and Zavrtanik, D and and Zevgolatakos, E and Zimin, NI and Zucchelli, GC and Zumerle, G and and DELPHI Collaboration",
    journal = "PHYSICS LETTERS B",
    year = "1999",
    volume = "449",
    number = "3-4",
    pages = "383-400",
    publisher = "ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV",
    issn = "0370-2693",
    doi = "10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00112-4",
    abstract = "Data collected at the Z resonance using the DELPHI detector at LEP are
used to determine the charged hadron multiplicity in gluon and quark
jets as a function of a transverse momentum-like scale. The colour
factor ratio, C(A)/C(F), is directly observed in the increase of
multiplicities with that scale. The smaller than expected multiplicity
ratio in gluon to quark jets is understood by differences in the
hadronization of the leading quark or gluon. From the dependence of the
charged hadron multiplicity on the opening angle in symmetric three-jet
events the colour factor ratio is measured to be: C(A)/C(F) = 2.246 +/-
0.062(stat.) +/- 0.080(syst.) +/- 0.095(theo.) (C) 1999 Elsevier Science
B.V, All rights reserved."
}