@article{3056388,
    title = "Lower rates of ART initiation and decreased retention among ART-naïve patients who consume alcohol enrolling in HIV care and treatment programs in Kenya and Uganda",
    author = "Patsis, I. and Goodrich, S. and Yiannoutsos, C.T. and Brown, S.A. and Musick, B.S. and Diero, L. and Kulzer, J.L. and Bwana, M.B. and Oyaro, P. and Wools-Kaloustian, K.K.",
    journal = "PLOS ONE",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "15",
    number = "10 October 2020",
    publisher = "Public Library of Science",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0240654",
    keywords = "antiretrovirus agent, adult;  Africa;  age;  alcohol consumption;  antiretroviral therapy;  Article;  AUDIT questionnaire;  cohort analysis;  death;  drinking behavior;  female;  human;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  Kenya;  major clinical study;  male;  observational study;  questionnaire;  risk factor;  therapy delay;  Uganda;  adolescent;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  middle aged;  patient attitude;  prevalence;  prospective study;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Alcohol Drinking;  Female;  HIV Infections;  Humans;  Kenya;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Patient Acceptance of Health Care;  Prevalence;  Prospective Studies;  Surveys and Questionnaires;  Uganda;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Objectives Almost 13 million people are estimated to be on antiretroviral therapy in Eastern and Southern Africa, and their disease course and program effectiveness could be significantly affected by the concurrent use of alcohol. Screening for alcohol use may be important to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption and its impact on patient and programmatic outcomes. Methods As part of this observational study, data on patient characteristics and alcohol consumption were collected on a cohort of 765 adult patients enrolling in HIV care in East Africa. Alcohol consumption was assessed with the AUDIT questionnaire at enrollment. Subjects were classified as consuming any alcohol (AUDIT score >0), hazardous drinkers (AUDIT score ≥8) and hyper drinkers (AUDIT score ≥16). The effects of alcohol consumption on retention in care, death and delays in antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation were assessed through competing risk (Fine & Gray) models. Results Of all study participants, 41.6% consumed alcohol, 26.7% were classified as hazardous drinkers, and 16.0% as hyper drinkers. Depending on alcohol consumption classification, men were 3–4 times more likely to consume alcohol compared to women. Hazardous drinkers (median age 32.8 years) and hyper drinkers (32.7 years) were slightly older compared to non-hazardous drinkers (30.7 years) and non-hyper drinkers (30.8 years), (p-values = 0.014 and 0.053 respectively). Median CD4 at enrollment was 330 cells/μl and 16% were classified World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 or 4. There was no association between alcohol consumption and CD4 count or WHO stage at enrollment. Alcohol consumption was associated with significantly lower probability of ART initiation (adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio aSHR = 0.77 between alcohol consumers versus non-consumers; p-value = 0.008), and higher patient non-retention in care (aSHR = 1.77, p-value = 0.023). Discussion Alcohol consumption is associated with significant delays in ART initiation and reduced retention in care for patients enrolling in HIV care and treatment programs in East Africa. Consequently, interventions that target alcohol consumption may have a significant impact on the HIV care cascade. © 2020 Patsis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited."
}