@article{3056416,
    title = "Cardiovascular risk factors in HIV infected individuals: Comparison with general adult control population in Greece",
    author = "Touloumi, G. and Kalpourtzi, N. and Papastamopoulos, V. and Paparizos, V. and Adamis, G. and Antoniadou, A. and Chini, M. and Karakosta, A. and Makrilakis, K. and Gavana, M. and Vantarakis, A. and Psichogiou, M. and Metallidis, S. and Sipsas, N.V. and Sambatakou, H. and Hadjichristodoulou, C. and Voulgari, P.V. and Chrysos, G. and Gogos, C.A. and Chlouverakis, G. and Tripsianis, G. and Alamanos, Y. and Stergiou, G. and Alexis, B. and Anna, K. and Nikos, P. and Georgia, V. and Klea, K. and Maria, K. and Xenia, C. and Alexis, B. and Magda, G. and Bettina, H. and Christos, H. and George, R. and Ilias, N. and Koustenis, P. and Stavros, L. and Ioannis, I. and Athanasios, R. and Stella, I. and Alexios, S. and Gikas, A. and Gogos, H.A. and Katsarou, O. and Lazanas, M. and Panagopoulos, P. and Paraskevis, D. and Psychogiou, M. and Papadopoulos, A. and Nitsotolis, T. and Xylomenos, G. and Marangos, M.N. and Kouramba, A. and Kontos, A. and Lioni, A. and Tsachouridou, O. and Kourkounti, S. and Ganitis, A. and Barbounakis, E. and AMACS and EMENO",
    journal = "PLOS ONE",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "15",
    number = "3",
    publisher = "Public Library of Science",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0230730",
    keywords = "glucose;  lipid, adult;  age distribution;  aged;  Article;  blood pressure;  body height;  body mass;  body weight;  cardiovascular disease;  cardiovascular disease assessment;  cardiovascular risk;  cohort analysis;  controlled study;  cross-sectional study;  current smoker;  diabetes mellitus;  dyslipidemia;  educational status;  female;  Framingham risk score;  glucose blood level;  Greece;  health survey;  hepatitis C;  human;  Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  hypertension;  lipid blood level;  major clinical study;  male;  obesity;  population research;  prevalence;  risk assessment;  risk factor;  Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation;  adolescent;  cardiovascular disease;  case control study;  complication;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  middle aged;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Aged;  Cardiovascular Diseases;  Case-Control Studies;  Female;  Greece;  HIV Infections;  Humans;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Risk Factors;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Background Although combined antiretroviral therapy has substantially improved the prognosis of people living with HIV (PLHIV), mortality remains higher compared to the general population, mainly due to higher prevalence of non-HIV-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the prevalence of CVD risk and its contributing factors in adult PLHIV versus general population controls in Greece. Settings Cross-sectional comparison of PLHIV (Athens-Multicenter-AIDS-Cohort-Study; AMACS) versus general population controls (National health examination survey; EMENO). Methods All HIV-infected adults with ≥1 measurement of interest (blood pressure, lipids, glucose, weight, height) between 2012-2014 and all EMENO participants (2014-2016) were included. Ten-year total CVD risk was estimated using the Framingham (FRS) or the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) equations. Results 5839 PLHIV (median age:41.6 years, 85.4% males) and 4820 controls (median age:48 years, 48.4% males) were included. Adjusting for age, sex and origin, PLHIV were more likely to be current smokers (adjusted OR:1.53 [95% CI:1.35-1.74]) and dyslipidemic (aOR:1.18; [1.04-1.34]), less likely to be obese (aOR:0.44 [0.38-0.52], with no differences in hypertension, diabetes or high (≥20%) FRS but with greater odds of high (≥5%) SCORE (aOR:1.55 [1.05-2.30]). Further adjustment for educational level, anti-HCV positivity and BMI showed higher prevalence of hypertension in PLHIV. Conclusions Despite the relative absence of obesity, PLHIV have higher prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors and higher risk of fatal CVD compared to general population. Regular screening and early management of CVD risk factors in PLHIV should be of high priority for CVD prevention. Copyright: © 2020 Touloumi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited."
}