@article{3056588,
    title = "Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain",
    author = "Anttila, V. and Bulik-Sullivan, B. and Finucane, H.K. and Walters, R.K. and Bras, J. and Duncan, L. and Escott-Price, V. and Falcone, G.J. and Gormley, P. and Malik, R. and Patsopoulos, N.A. and Ripke, S. and Wei, Z. and Yu, D. and Lee, P.H. and Turley, P. and Grenier-Boley, B. and Chouraki, V. and Kamatani, Y. and Berr, C. and Letenneur, L. and Hannequin, D. and Amouyel, P. and Boland, A. and Deleuze, J.-F. and Duron, E. and Vardarajan, B.N. and Reitz, C. and Goate, A.M. and Huentelman, M.J. and Ilyas Kamboh, M. and Larson, E.B. and Rogaeva, E. and George-Hyslop, P.S. and Hakonarson, H. and Kukull, W.A. and Farrer, L.A. and Barnes, L.L. and Beach, T.G. and Yesim Demirci, F. and Head, E. and Hulette, C.M. and Jicha, G.A. and Kauwe, J.S.K. and Kaye, J.A. and Leverenz, J.B. and Levey, A.I. and Lieberman, A.P. and Pankratz, V.S. and Poon, W.W. and Quinn, J.F. and Saykin, A.J. and Schneider, L.S. and Smith, A.G. and Sonnen, J.A. and Stern, R.A. and Van Deerlin, V.M. and Van Eldik, L.J. and Harold, D. and Russo, G. and Rubinsztein, D.C. and Bayer, A. and Tsolaki, M. and Proitsi, P. and Fox, N.C. and Hampel, H. and Owen, M.J. and Mead, S. and Passmore, P. and Morgan, K. and Nöthen, M.M. and Rossor, M. and Lupton, M.K. and Hoffmann, P. and Kornhuber, J. and Lawlor, B. and McQuillin, A. and Al-Chalabi, A. and Bis, J.C. and Ruiz, A. and Boada, M. and Seshadri, S. and Beiser, A. and Rice, K. and Van Der Lee, S.J. and De Jager, P.L. and Geschwind, D.H. and Riemenschneider, M. and Riedel-Heller, S. and Rotter, J.I. and Ransmayr, G. and Hyman, B.T. and Cruchaga, C. and Alegret, M. and Winsvold, B. and Palta, P. and Farh, K.-H. and Cuenca-Leon, E. and Furlotte, N. and Kurth, T. and Ligthart, L. and Terwindt, G.M. and Freilinger, T. and Ran, C. and Gordon, S.D. and Borck, G. and Adams, H.H.H. and Lehtimäki, T. and Wedenoja, J. and Buring, J.E. and Schürks, M. and Hrafnsdottir, M. and Hottenga, J.-J. and Penninx, B. and Artto, V. and Kaunisto, M. and Vepsäläinen, S. and Martin, N.G. and Montgomery, G.W. and Kurki, M.I. and Hämäläinen, E. and Huang, H. and Huang, J. and Sandor, C. and Webber, C. and Muller-Myhsok, B. and Schreiber, S. and Salomaa, V. and Loehrer, E. and Göbel, H. and Macaya, A. and Pozo-Rosich, P. and Hansen, T. and Werge, T. and Kaprio, J. and Metspalu, A. and Kubisch, C. and Ferrari, M.D. and Belin, A.C. and Van Den Maagdenberg, A.M.J.M. and Zwart, J.-A. and Boomsma, D. and Eriksson, N. and Olesen, J. and Chasman, D.I. and Nyholt, D.R. and Avbersek, A. and Baum, L. and Berkovic, S. and Bradfield, J. and Buono, R. and Catarino, C.B. and Cossette, P. and De Jonghe, P. and Depondt, C. and Dlugos, D. and Ferraro, T.N. and French, J. and Hjalgrim, H. and Jamnadas-Khoda, J. and Kälviäinen, R. and Kunz, W.S. and Lerche, H. and Leu, C. and Lindhout, D. and Lo, W. and Lowenstein, D. and McCormack, M. and Møller, R.S. and Molloy, A. and Ng, P.-W. and Oliver, K. and Privitera, M. and Radtke, R. and Ruppert, A.-K. and Sander, T. and Schachter, S. and Schankin, C. and Scheffer, I. and Schoch, S. and Sisodiya, S.M. and Smith, P. and Sperling, M. and Striano, P. and Surges, R. and Neil Thomas, G. and Visscher, F. and Whelan, C.D. and Zara, F. and Heinzen, E.L. and Marson, A. and Becker, F. and Stroink, H. and Zimprich, F. and Gasser, T. and Gibbs, R. and Heutink, P. and Martinez, M. and Morris, H.R. and Sharma, M. and Ryten, M. and Mok, K.Y. and Pulit, S. and Bevan, S. and Holliday, E. and Attia, J. and Battey, T. and Boncoraglio, G. and Thijs, V. and Chen, W.-M. and Mitchell, B. and Rothwell, P. and Sharma, P. and Sudlow, C. and Vicente, A. and Markus, H. and Kourkoulis, C. and Pera, J. and Raffeld, M. and Silliman, S. and Perica, V.B. and Thornton, L.M. and Huckins, L.M. and William Rayner, N. and Lewis, C.M. and Gratacos, M. and Rybakowski, F. and Keski-Rahkonen, A. and Raevuori, A. and Hudson, J.I. and Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. and Monteleone, P. and Karwautz, A. and Mannik, K. and Baker, J.H. and O'Toole, J.K. and Trace, S.E. and Davis, O.S.P. and Helder, S.G. and Ehrlich, S. and Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. and Danner, U.N. and Van Elburg, A.A. and Clementi, M. and Forzan, M. and Docampo, E. and Lissowska, J. and Hauser, J. and Tortorella, A. and Maj, M. and Gonidakis, F. and Tziouvas, K. and Papezova, H. and Yilmaz, Z. and Wagner, G. and Cohen-Woods, S. and Herms, S. and Julia, A. and Rabionet, R. and Dick, D.M. and Ripatti, S. and Andreassen, O.A. and Espeseth, T. and Lundervold, A.J. and Steen, V.M. and Pinto, D. and Scherer, S.W. and Aschauer, H. and Schosser, A. and Alfredsson, L. and Padyukov, L. and Halmi, K.A. and Mitchell, J. and Strober, M. and Bergen, A.W. and Kaye, W. and Szatkiewicz, J.P. and Cormand, B. and Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. and Sánchez-Mora, C. and Ribasés, M. and Casas, M. and Hervas, A. and Arranz, M.J. and Haavik, J. and Zayats, T. and Johansson, S. and Williams, N. and Dempfle, A. and Rothenberger, A. and Kuntsi, J. and Oades, R.D. and Banaschewski, T. and Franke, B. and Buitelaar, J.K. and Vasquez, A.A. and Doyle, A.E. and Reif, A. and Lesch, K.-P. and Freitag, C. and Rivero, O. and Palmason, H. and Romanos, M. and Langley, K. and Rietschel, M. and Witt, S.H. and Dalsgaard, S. and Børglum, A.D. and Waldman, I. and Wilmot, B. and Molly, N. and Bau, C.H.D. and Crosbie, J. and Schachar, R. and Loo, S.K. and McGough, J.J. and Grevet, E.H. and Medland, S.E. and Robinson, E. and Weiss, L.A. and Bacchelli, E. and Bailey, A. and Bal, V. and Battaglia, A. and Betancur, C. and Bolton, P. and Cantor, R. and Celestino-Soper, P. and Dawson, G. and De Rubeis, S. and Duque, F. and Green, A. and Klauck, S.M. and Leboyer, M. and Levitt, P. and Maestrini, E. and Mane, S. and Moreno-De-Luca, D. and Parr, J. and Regan, R. and Reichenberg, A. and Sandin, S. and Vorstman, J. and Wassink, T. and Wijsman, E. and Cook, E. and Santangelo, S. and Delorme, R. and Roge, B. and Magalhaes, T. and Arking, D. and Schulze, T.G. and Thompson, R.C. and Strohmaier, J. and Matthews, K. and Melle, I. and Morris, D. and Blackwood, D. and McIntosh, A. and Bergen, S.E. and Schalling, M. and Jamain, S. and Maaser, A. and Fischer, S.B. and Reinbold, C.S. and Fullerton, J.M. and Guzman-Parra, J. and Mayoral, F. and Schofield, P.R. and Cichon, S. and Mühleisen, T.W. and Degenhardt, F. and Schumacher, J. and Bauer, M. and Mitchell, P.B. and Gershon, E.S. and Rice, J. and Potash, J.B. and Zandi, P.P. and Craddock, N. and Nicol Ferrier, I. and Alda, M. and Rouleau, G.A. and Turecki, G. and Ophoff, R. and Pato, C. and Anjorin, A. and Stahl, E. and Leber, M. and Czerski, P.M. and Cruceanu, C. and Jones, I.R. and Posthuma, D. and Andlauer, T.F.M. and Forstner, A.J. and Streit, F. and Baune, B.T. and Air, T. and Sinnamon, G. and Wray, N.R. and MacIntyre, D.J. and Porteous, D. and Homuth, G. and Rivera, M. and Grove, J. and Middeldorp, C.M. and Hickie, I. and Pergadia, M. and Mehta, D. and Smit, J.H. and Jansen, R. and De Geus, E. and Dunn, E. and Li, Q.S. and Nauck, M. and Schoevers, R.A. and Beekman, A.T.F. and Knowles, J.A. and Viktorin, A. and Arnold, P. and Barr, C.L. and Bedoya-Berrio, G. and Joseph Bienvenu, O. and Brentani, H. and Burton, C. and Camarena, B. and Cappi, C. and Cath, D. and Cavallini, M. and Cusi, D. and Darrow, S. and Denys, D. and Derks, E.M. and Dietrich, A. and Fernandez, T. and Figee, M. and Freimer, N. and Gerber, G. and Grados, M. and Greenberg, E. and Hanna, G.L. and Hartmann, A. and Hirschtritt, M.E. and Hoekstra, P.J. and Huang, A. and Huyser, C. and Illmann, C. and Jenike, M. and Kuperman, S. and Leventhal, B. and Lochner, C. and Lyon, G.J. and Macciardi, F. and Madruga-Garrido, M. and Malaty, I.A. and Maras, A. and McGrath, L. and Miguel, E.C. and Mir, P. and Nestadt, G. and Nicolini, H. and Okun, M.S. and Pakstis, A. and Paschou, P. and Piacentini, J. and Pittenger, C. and Plessen, K. and Ramensky, V. and Ramos, E.M. and Reus, V. and Richter, M.A. and Riddle, M.A. and Robertson, M.M. and Roessner, V. and Rosário, M. and Samuels, J.F. and Sandor, P. and Stein, D.J. and Tsetsos, F. and Van Nieuwerburgh, F. and Weatherall, S. and Wendland, J.R. and Wolanczyk, T. and Worbe, Y. and Zai, G. and Goes, F.S. and McLaughlin, N. and Nestadt, P.S. and Grabe, H.-J. and Depienne, C. and Konkashbaev, A. and Lanzagorta, N. and Valencia-Duarte, A. and Bramon, E. and Buccola, N. and Cahn, W. and Cairns, M. and Chong, S.A. and Cohen, D. and Crespo-Facorro, B. and Crowley, J. and Davidson, M. and DeLisi, L. and Dinan, T. and Donohoe, G. and Drapeau, E. and Duan, J. and Haan, L. and Hougaard, D. and Karachanak-Yankova, S. and Khrunin, A. and Klovins, J. and Kučinskas, V. and Keong, J.L.C. and Limborska, S. and Loughland, C. and Lönnqvist, J. and Maher, B. and Mattheisen, M. and McDonald, C. and Murphy, K.C. and Nenadic, I. and Van Os, J. and Pantelis, C. and Pato, M. and Petryshen, T. and Quested, D. and Roussos, P. and Sanders, A.R. and Schall, U. and Schwab, S.G. and Sim, K. and So, H.-C. and Stögmann, E. and Subramaniam, M. and Toncheva, D. and Waddington, J. and Walters, J. and Weiser, M. and Cheng, W. and Cloninger, R. and Curtis, D. and Gejman, P.V. and Henskens, F. and Mattingsdal, M. and Oh, S.-Y. and Scott, R. and Webb, B. and Breen, G. and Churchhouse, C. and Bulik, C.M. and Daly, M. and Dichgans, M. and Faraone, S.V. and Guerreiro, R. and Holmans, P. and Kendler, K.S. and Koeleman, B. and Mathews, C.A. and Price, A. and Scharf, J. and Sklar, P. and Williams, J. and Wood, N.W. and Cotsapas, C. and Palotie, A. and Smoller, J.W. and Sullivan, P. and Rosand, J. and Corvin, A. and Neale, B.M. and The Brainstorm Consortium",
    journal = "SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "360",
    number = "6395",
    publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aap8757",
    keywords = "brain;  disability;  epidemiology;  genetic analysis;  genome;  heritability;  nervous system disorder;  risk factor;  symptom, Alzheimer disease;  anorexia nervosa;  Article;  attention deficit disorder;  bipolar disorder;  brain ischemia;  cognition;  comorbidity;  controlled study;  educational status;  genetic association;  genetic risk;  genetic variability;  genome-wide association study;  Gilles de la Tourette syndrome;  heritability;  human;  major depression;  mental disease;  migraine;  neurologic disease;  neurosis;  onset age;  phenotype;  priority journal;  schizophrenia;  brain disease;  classification;  genetic variation;  genetics;  mental disease;  quantitative trait;  risk factor, Brain Diseases;  Genetic Variation;  Genome-Wide Association Study;  Humans;  Mental Disorders;  Phenotype;  Quantitative Trait, Heritable;  Risk Factors",
    abstract = "Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology. © 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved."
}