@article{3057130,
    title = "Assessment of α-synuclein secretion in mouse and human brain parenchyma",
    author = "Emmanouilidou, E. and Elenis, D. and Papasilekas, T. and Stranjalis, G. and Gerozissis, K. and Ioannou, P.C. and Vekrellis, K.",
    journal = "PLOS ONE",
    year = "2011",
    volume = "6",
    number = "7",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0022225",
    keywords = "alpha synuclein;  alpha synuclein, adult;  animal tissue;  article;  brain;  controlled study;  disease course;  extracellular space;  female;  human;  in vivo study;  interstitial fluid;  male;  mouse;  nonhuman;  parenchyma;  Parkinson disease;  protein expression;  protein function;  protein secretion;  traumatic brain injury;  animal;  corpus striatum;  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;  extracellular fluid;  in vitro study;  metabolism;  microdialysis;  middle aged;  transgenic mouse;  Western blotting, Animalia;  Mus musculus, Adult;  alpha-Synuclein;  Animals;  Blotting, Western;  Brain;  Corpus Striatum;  Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay;  Extracellular Fluid;  Female;  Humans;  Male;  Mice;  Mice, Transgenic;  Microdialysis;  Middle Aged",
    abstract = "Genetic, biochemical, and animal model studies strongly suggest a central role for α-synuclein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. α-synuclein lacks a signal peptide sequence and has thus been considered a cytosolic protein. Recent data has suggested that the protein may be released from cells via a non-classical secretory pathway and may therefore exert paracrine effects in the extracellular environment. However, proof that α-synuclein is actually secreted into the brain extracellular space in vivo has not been obtained. We developed a novel highly sensitive ELISA in conjugation with an in vivo microdialysis technique to measure α-synuclein in brain interstitial fluid. We show for the first time that α-synuclein is readily detected in the interstitial fluid of both α-synuclein transgenic mice and human patients with traumatic brain injury. Our data suggest that α-synuclein is physiologically secreted by neurons in vivo. This interstitial fluid pool of the protein may have a role in the propagation of synuclein pathology and progression of Parkinson's disease. © 2011 Emmanouilidou et al."
}