@article{3057803,
    title = "Does temperature-confounding control influence the modifying effect of air temperature in ozone-mortality associations?",
    author = "Chen, K. and Wolf, K. and Hampel, R. and Stafoggia, M. and Breitner, S. and Cyrys, J. and Samoli, E. and Andersen, Z.J. and Bero-Bedada, G. and Bellander, T. and Hennig, F. and Jacquemin, B. and Pekkanen, J. and Peters, A. and Schneider, A. and Breitner, S. and Cyrys, J. and Hampel, R. and Hennig, F. and Hoffmann, B. and Kuhlbusch, T. and Lanzinger, S. and Peters, A. and Quass, U. and Schneider, A. and Wolf, K. and Diapouli, E. and Elefteriadis, K. and Katsouyanni, K. and Samoli, E. and Vratolis, S. and Ellermann, T. and Ivanovic-Andersen, Z. and Loft, S. and Massling, A. and Nordstrøm, C. and Aalto, P.P. and Kulmala, M. and Lanki, T. and Pekkanen, J. and Tiittanen, P. and Yli-Tuomi, T. and Cattani, G. and Faustini, A. and Forastiere, F. and Inglessis, M. and Renzi, M. and Agis, D. and Basagaña, X. and Jacquemin, B. and Perez, N. and Sunyer, J. and Tobias, A. and Bero-Bedada, G. and Bellander, T. and UF&HEALTH Study Group",
    journal = "Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "2",
    number = "1",
    publisher = "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
    issn = "1053-4245",
    doi = "10.1097/EE9.0000000000000008",
    keywords = "ozone, air pollution;  air temperature;  Article;  environmental exposure;  Europe;  high temperature;  low temperature;  mortality;  mortality risk;  priority journal;  temperature sensitivity;  time series analysis",
    abstract = "Background: Recent epidemiological studies investigating the modifying effect of air temperature in ozone-mortality associations lack consensus as how to adjust for nonlinear and lagged temperature effect in addition to including an interaction term. Methods: We evaluated the influence of temperature confounding control on temperature-stratified ozone-mortality risks in a time series setting in eight European cities and 86 US cities, respectively. To investigate potential residual confounding, we additionally incorporated next day's ozone in models with differing temperature control. Results: Using only a categorical variable for temperature or only controlling nonlinear effect of low temperatures yielded highly significant ozone effects at high temperatures but also significant residual confounding in both regions. Adjustment for nonlinear effect of temperature, especially high temperatures, substantially reduced ozone effects at high temperatures and residual confounding. Conclusions: Inadequate control for confounding by air temperature leads to residual confounding and an overestimation of the temperature-modifying effect in studies of ozone-related mortality. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health"
}