@article{3057927,
    title = "Particulate matter air pollution components and risk for lung cancer",
    author = "Raaschou-Nielsen, O. and Beelen, R. and Wang, M. and Hoek, G. and Andersen, Z.J. and Hoffmann, B. and Stafoggia, M. and Samoli, E. and Weinmayr, G. and Dimakopoulou, K. and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. and Xun, W.W. and Fischer, P. and Eriksen, K.T. and Sørensen, M. and Tjønneland, A. and Ricceri, F. and de Hoogh, K. and Key, T. and Eeftens, M. and Peeters, P.H. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. and Meliefste, K. and Oftedal, B. and Schwarze, P.E. and Nafstad, P. and Galassi, C. and Migliore, E. and Ranzi, A. and Cesaroni, G. and Badaloni, C. and Forastiere, F. and Penell, J. and De Faire, U. and Korek, M. and Pedersen, N. and Östenson, C.-G. and Pershagen, G. and Fratiglioni, L. and Concin, H. and Nagel, G. and Jaensch, A. and Ineichen, A. and Naccarati, A. and Katsoulis, M. and Trichpoulou, A. and Keuken, M. and Jedynska, A. and Kooter, I.M. and Kukkonen, J. and Brunekreef, B. and Sokhi, R.S. and Katsouyanni, K. and Vineis, P.",
    journal = "Environment International",
    year = "2016",
    volume = "87",
    pages = "66-73",
    publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
    issn = "0160-4120",
    doi = "10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.007",
    keywords = "Air pollution;  Biological organs;  Diseases;  Land use;  Nickel;  Random processes;  Regression analysis;  Sulfur, Cohort studies;  Cox regression;  European Countries;  Land-use regression models;  Lung Cancer;  Particulate Matter;  Particulate matter air pollution;  Random-effect models, Particles (particulate matter), copper;  iron;  nickel;  potassium;  silicon;  sulfur;  vanadium;  zinc;  air pollutant;  particulate matter, atmospheric pollution;  cancer;  carcinogen;  cohort analysis;  health risk;  nickel;  particulate matter;  sulfur, air pollution;  Article;  cancer incidence;  cancer risk;  cohort analysis;  concentration (parameters);  controlled study;  environmental exposure;  follow up;  lung cancer;  particulate matter;  priority journal;  risk assessment;  risk factor;  validation process;  adult;  aged;  air pollutant;  analysis;  clinical trial;  Europe;  exposure;  female;  human;  incidence;  Lung Neoplasms;  male;  middle aged;  multicenter study;  particle size;  particulate matter;  proportional hazards model;  prospective study;  risk, Europe, Adult;  Aged;  Air Pollutants;  Cohort Studies;  Environmental Exposure;  Europe;  Female;  Humans;  Incidence;  Inhalation Exposure;  Lung Neoplasms;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Particle Size;  Particulate Matter;  Proportional Hazards Models;  Prospective Studies;  Risk",
    abstract = "Background: Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a human lung carcinogen; however, the components responsible have not been identified. We assessed the associations between PM components and lung cancer incidence. Methods: We used data from 14 cohort studies in eight European countries. We geocoded baseline addresses and assessed air pollution with land-use regression models for eight elements (Cu, Fe, K, Ni, S, Si, V and Zn) in size fractions of PM2.5 and PM10. We used Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and random effect models for meta-analysis. Results: The 245,782 cohort members contributed 3,229,220person-years at risk. During follow-up (mean, 13.1 years), 1878 incident cases of lung cancer were diagnosed. In the meta-analyses, elevated hazard ratios (HRs) for lung cancer were associated with all elements except V; none was statistically significant. In analyses restricted to participants who did not change residence during follow-up, statistically significant associations were found for PM2.5 Cu (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.53 per 5 ng/m3), PM10 Zn (1.28; 1.02-1.59 per 20 ng/m3), PM10 S (1.58; 1.03-2.44 per 200 ng/m3), PM10 Ni (1.59; 1.12-2.26 per 2 ng/m3) and PM10 K (1.17; 1.02-1.33 per 100 ng/m3). In two-pollutant models, associations between PM10 and PM2.5 and lung cancer were largely explained by PM2.5 S. Conclusions: This study indicates that the association between PM in air pollution and lung cancer can be attributed to various PM components and sources. PM containing S and Ni might be particularly important. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd."
}